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Human skin permeation of emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins)

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Abstract

Currently, dermal exposure data of cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins are completely absent. There is a lack of understanding about the local skin and systemic kinetics and effects, despite their widespread skin contact and intrinsic hazard. Therefore, we provide a quantitative characterisation of their dermal kinetics. The emerging mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) were used as model compounds and their transdermal kinetics were quantitatively evaluated, using intact and damaged human skin in an in vitro Franz diffusion cell set-up and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-MS analytics. We demonstrated that all investigated mycotoxins are able to penetrate through the skin. ENN B showed the highest permeation (kp,v=9.44 × 10−6 cm/h), whereas BEA showed the lowest (kp,v=2.35 × 10−6 cm/h) and the other ENNs ranging in between. Combining these values with experimentally determined solubility data, Jmax values ranging from 0.02 to 0.35 μg/(cm2 h) for intact skin and from 0.07 to 1.11 μg/(cm2 h) for damaged skin were obtained. These were used to determine the daily dermal exposure (DDE) in a worst-case scenario. On the other hand, DDE’s for a typical occupational scenario were calculated based on real-life mycotoxin concentrations for the industrial exposure of food-related workers. In the latter case, for contact with intact human skin, DDE’s up to 0.0870 ng/(kg BW × day) for ENN A were calculated, whereas for impaired skin barrier this can even rise up to 0.3209 ng/(kg BW × day) for ENN B1. This knowledge is needed for the risk assessment after skin exposure of contaminated food, feed, indoor surfaces and airborne particles with mycotoxins.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Special Research Fund of Ghent University (BOF 01D23812 to Lien Taevernier) for their financial funding and scientific interest. We also thank Sven Detroyer for his help during the solubility experiments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium

    Lien Taevernier, Lieselotte Veryser & Bart De Spiegeleer

  2. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium

    Nathalie Roche

  3. Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium

    Kathelijne Peremans

  4. Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium

    Christian Burvenich & Catherine Delesalle

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  1. Lien Taevernier
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Taevernier, L., Veryser, L., Roche, N. et al. Human skin permeation of emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 26, 277–287 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2015.10

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