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Analysis of dog meat adulteration in beef meatballs using non-targeted UHPLC–Orbitrap HRMS metabolomics and chemometrics for halal authentication study

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Abstract

Due to the different price and high quality, halal meat such as beef can be adulterated with non-halal meat with low price to get an economical price. The objective of this research was to develop an analytical method for halal authentication testing of beef meatballs (BM) from dog meat (DM) using a non-targeted metabolomics approach employing liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) and chemometrics. The differentiation of authentic BM from that adulterated with DM was successfully performed using partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with high accuracy (R2X = 0.980, and R2Y = 0.980) and good predictivity (Q2 = 0.517). In addition, partial least square (PLS) and orthogonal PLS (OPLS) were successfully used to predict the DM added (% w/w) in BM with high accuracy (R2 > 0.990). A number of metabolites, potential for biomarker candidates, were identified to differentiate BM and that adulterated with DM. It showed that the combination of a non-targeted LC–HRMS Orbitrap metabolomics and chemometrics could detect up to 0.1% w/w of DM adulteration. The developed method was successfully applied for analysis of commercial meatball samples (n = 28). Moreover, pathway analysis revealed that beta-alanine, histidine, and ether lipid metabolism were significantly affected by dog meat adulteration. In summary, this developed method has great potential to be developed and used as an alternative method for analysis of non-halal meats in halal meat products.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Sample availability

Samples used in this research are available from the authors.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, for supporting this research. The authors also acknowledge PRTPP BRIN Yogyakarta and Deputi DIRI BRIN for facilitating the LC–HRMS Orbitrap instrument.

Funding

This research was funded by Universitas Gadjah Mada through the Ministry of Education, Research, and Higher Education through Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi 2023 contract number 2132/UN1/DITLIT/Dit-Lit/PT.01.03/2023.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Anjar Windarsih & Nor Kartini Abu Bakar

  2. Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, 55861, Indonesia

    Anjar Windarsih

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

    Abdul Rohman

  4. Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems (PUI-PT IHIS), Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

    Abdul Rohman & Yuny Erwanto

  5. Faculty of Animal Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia

    Yuny Erwanto

Authors
  1. Anjar Windarsih
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  2. Nor Kartini Abu Bakar
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  3. Abdul Rohman
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  4. Yuny Erwanto
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Contributions

Conceptualization: AW, AR, NKAB. Methodology: AW, AR, Nor Kartini Abu Bakar. Data curation: AW. Formal analysis: AW. Writing original draft: AW. Writing—review and editing: AR, NK AB, YE. Supervision: NKAB, AR.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdul Rohman.

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All authors declare no conflict of interest.

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This is an observational study. No ethical approval is required.

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Windarsih, A., Bakar, N.K.A., Rohman, A. et al. Analysis of dog meat adulteration in beef meatballs using non-targeted UHPLC–Orbitrap HRMS metabolomics and chemometrics for halal authentication study. ANAL. SCI. 40, 385–397 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-023-00470-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-023-00470-x

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