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A challenge in washing water with the sun: 24h of SODIS fails to inactivate Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa under strong real sun conditions

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Abstract

Despite access to drinking water being a basic human right, the availability of safe drinking water remains a privilege that many do not have and as a result, many lives are lost each year due to waterborne diseases associated with the consumption of biologically unsafe water. To face this situation, different low-cost household drinking water treatment technologies (HDWT) have been developed, and among them is solar disinfection (SODIS). Despite the effectiveness of SODIS and the epidemiological gains being consistently documented in the literature, there is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of the batch-SODIS process against protozoan cysts as well as their internalized bacteria under real sun conditions. This work evaluated the effectiveness of the batch-SODIS process on the viability of Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts, and internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dechlorinated tap water contaminated with 5.6 × 103 cysts/L, contained in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, was exposed for 8 h a day to strong sunlight (531–1083 W/m2 of maximum insolation) for 3 consecutive days. The maximum water temperature inside the reactors ranged from 37 to 50 °C. Cyst viability was assessed by inducing excystment on non-nutrient agar, or in water with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli. After sun exposure for 0, 8, 16 and 24 h, the cysts remained viable and without any perceptible impairment in their ability to excyst. 3 and 5.5 log CFU/mL of P. aeruginosa were detected in water containing untreated and treated cysts, respectively, after 3 days of incubation at 30 °C. The batch-SODIS process is unable to inactivate A. castellanii cysts as well as its internalized bacteria. Although the use of batch SODIS by communities should continue to be encouraged, SODIS-disinfected water should be consumed within 3 days.

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Acknowledgements

To CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for the scholarship and scientific productivity fellowship granted to Beni J.M. Chaúque and Marilise B. Rott, respectively. To Camila Neugebauer Mello for providing the culture media in the first stage of the research.

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The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Protozoology and Microbiological Analyses, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil

    Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Gertrudes Corção & Marilise Brittes Rott

  2. Center of Studies in Science and Technology (NECET), Biology Course, Universidade Rovuma, Niassa Branch, Lichinga, Mozambique

    Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque

  3. Hydraulic Research Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Antônio Domingues Benetti

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  1. Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque
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  2. Gertrudes Corção
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  3. Antônio Domingues Benetti
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  4. Marilise Brittes Rott
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Contributions

BJMC, GC, ADB, and MBR contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection analysis, and writing the first draft of the manuscript were performed by B.J.M.C. GC, ADB, and MBR reviewed the manuscript writing. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Marilise Brittes Rott.

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Chaúque, B.J.M., Corção, G., Benetti, A.D. et al. A challenge in washing water with the sun: 24h of SODIS fails to inactivate Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa under strong real sun conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 22, 2179–2188 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-023-00440-2

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