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Morphological and physiological responses of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) to azotobacter, mycorrhiza, and salicylic acid under drought stress conditions in Rey Region

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers and salicylic acid under water deficit stress conditions on the growth and yield of Satureja hortensis L. during two consecutive years (2018–2019 and 2019–2020). This experiment was performed as a split factorial plot arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation at three levels (full irrigation, mild, and severe water deficit stress). The sub-factors included biological nitrogen fertilizer (non-inoculated, inoculated with Azotobacter, inoculated with Mycorrhiza, and inoculated with Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid (no spray and spray with a concentration of 0.6 mM). Although, water deficit stress decreased the total dry weight but, inoculated plants had higher total dry weight rather than control under water deficit conditions. The results showed that the inoculation of Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza decreased the content of total chlorophyll and carotenoids and increased leaf area and thymol content. Moreover, carvacrol content and essential oil harvest index had the highest value under a full irrigation regime, and inoculation treatment decreased these values. In contrast, mild water deficit conditions increased ɣ-Terpine and phenol content, but severe water deficit stress decreased these traits. The highest total chlorophyll content (3.46 mg g FW−1) carotenoids content (0.22 mg g FW−1), leaf area (649.88 cm), total dry weight (2540.9 kg ha−1), essential oil content (1.7%), essential oil yield (43.1 kg ha−1), thymol (3.58%), carvacrol content (8.47%) and essential oil harvest index (1.7%) were achieved in full irrigation and salicylic application. Based on our results, Azotobacter and Mycorrhiza can improve the morphological traits of summer savory plants, but in the case of photosynthesis pigments, they were not helpful. On the other hand, mild water deficit stress increased the thymol, carvacrol, ɣ-Terpine and phenol content, which means that summer savory plants by improving secondary metabolites, could ameliorate the water deficit damage. The current study proved beneficial in improving the physiological and morphological traits of summer savory, suggesting that the application of Azotobacter + Mycorrhiza or salicylic acid application can be a suitable solution to increase plant tolerance under water deficit conditions.

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Data availability

The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Mohamed Ali Farag and Dr. Olubukola-Oluranti Babalola for critical reading and editing of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran

    Mahmood Ghojavand, Pourang Kasraie, Hamid Reza Tohidi-Moghadam, Mohammad Nasri & Hamid Reza Larijani

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M.G: designed and performed the experiment, P.K: wrote the manuscript, HR.T-M and M.N: helped in revising the manuscript and improved the language, H-R.L: coordinating the research project. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Pourang Kasraie.

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Ghojavand, M., Kasraie, P., Tohidi-Moghadam, H.R. et al. Morphological and physiological responses of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) to azotobacter, mycorrhiza, and salicylic acid under drought stress conditions in Rey Region. Proc.Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. 90, 132–144 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43538-023-00230-5

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