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Petrography and geochemistry of Palaeogene sandstones of Geku Formation, Yinkiong Group, Arunachal Pradesh, NE India: implications on provenance and tectonic setting

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Abstract

Detrital mineralogy and geochemical (major element oxides) approach, with the support of heavy mineral and clay mineralogical study, the siliciclastic rocks of Geku Formation of Yinkiong Group, Eastern Himalaya have been studied to understand their compositional variations, provenance of sediments, and to decipher the tectonic settings. Sandstones are quartz-dominated, with feldspar and rock fragments in a modal average ratio of Q79F10L10, as shown in the petrographic examination. Litharenite, wacke, and Fe-sand types of sandstone have been identified using geochemical approaches. Tectonic discriminant diagrams based on petrographic observations and major elements oxides have inferred that the studied sandstones were deposited in a passive continental setting, and sediments were derived from igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic sources, i.e., plutonic (intermediate to mafic), quartzose sedimentary and gneissic provenance. The Himalayan affinity rocks in the northern part of the basin, which include mafic igneous sources such as Abor volcanics, are the potential source. The palaeoweathering indices have shown that the sediments were derived by moderate-to-intense chemical weathering and deposited nearby to the source without extensive recycling. The SiO2/Al2O3 and index of chemical variability (ICV) have indicated that the rocks are not very mature in terms of composition, and that recycling is moderate to low. The Geku Formation was formed by uplifted Himalayan orogeny rocks deposited in a fore-arc basin during the India–Asia collision.

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Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere gratitude to Cotton University for providing ample laboratory facilities to carry out the present work and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Department of Instrumentation & USIC, Gauhati University and Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati for providing their XRD and SEM lab facility. One of us is extremely grateful to DST-INSPIRE for the financial assistance in the form of INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180616. We also gratefully acknowledge the anonymous reviewers and handling editor for their constructive and helpful comments, which helped us to polish the manuscript.

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Author Anannya Bordoloi has received financial support from DST-INSPIRE for pursuing Ph.D having order number INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180616.

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  1. Department of Geology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India

    Anannya Bordoloi, Ananya Chutia & Manash Prateem Gogoi

  2. Department of Geology, Jagannath Barooah College (Autonomous), Jorhat, Assam, 785001, India

    Chaitra Dhar Taye

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All the authors involved in the geological field study. This manuscript was drafted by AB and edited, designed and coordinated by CDT. AC supervised the experiment and analysis of the samples and interpretation of this research. MPG assists the analysis and participate in the research. The papers were read and approved by all the authors.

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Bordoloi, A., Chutia, A., Taye, C.D. et al. Petrography and geochemistry of Palaeogene sandstones of Geku Formation, Yinkiong Group, Arunachal Pradesh, NE India: implications on provenance and tectonic setting. J. Sediment. Environ. 7, 691–709 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-022-00116-4

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