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Durability Evaluation of Clayey Sandy Soil Stabilized with Copper-Slag-Based Geopolymer Under Freezing–Thawing Cycles

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Abstract

In the current study, the durability of a clayey-sand stabilized with copper-slag (CS)-based geopolymer and alkaline activator solution (AAS) is investigated in freezing–thawing (F–T) cycles. For this purpose, tests including Atterberg limits, pH, standard Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), accumulated loss of mass (ALM), swell and shrinkage, ultrasonic P-wave velocity, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were conducted. Various contents of CS (i.e., 0, 10%, and 15%) and 8 and 11 M NaOH were assessed in 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 cycles. The AAS contained 70% of Na2SiO3 and 30% of NaOH. Also, the weight ratio of CS to ASS was 1 (CS/ASS = 1). According to the TCLP test, the CS-based geopolymer stabilized samples have no environmental hazards. The results illustrated that the strength and stiffness of untreated soil increased with an increase in F–T cycles until cycle 3. For samples with 11 M NaOH concentration, loss of strength and stiffness were observed due to F–T cycles. Furthermore, the sample with 8 M NaOH showed hybrid behavior (i.e., an increase in strength and stiffness until cycle 3), similar to that of untreated soil, and then declined until cycle 9, similar to soil treated with 11 M NaOH. Based on the microstructural analysis, higher microcracks were observed in the 8 M sample compared with the 11 M sample due to soft-strain behavior. Furthermore, a higher microcrack formation resulted in a higher potential for swell mass and volume change.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, 4714871167, Babol, Iran

    Alireza Fakhrabadi & Asskar Janalizadeh Choobbasti

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

    Saman Soleimani Kutanaei

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Fakhrabadi, A., Choobbasti, A.J. & Kutanaei, S.S. Durability Evaluation of Clayey Sandy Soil Stabilized with Copper-Slag-Based Geopolymer Under Freezing–Thawing Cycles. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-023-00341-8

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