Abstract
Recent studies present the effects of freeze–thaw cycles (F–T) and porosity/cement ratio (η/Civ) on the strength and durability of chemically stabilized soils. However, the effects of η/Civ on strength and durability have not yet been studied for optimal conditions of compaction of silt-cement mixtures. Thus, this paper discusses the mechanical properties and durability of a chemically stabilized silt that undergoes freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles with rapid hardening Portland cement when molded in three compaction energies under optimal conditions (i.e. maximum dry density and optimum moisture content) using cement contents of 3–9% by weight. The results show a decrease in the split tensile and unconfined compressive strength of the mixtures when submitted to several F–T cycles, and an increase in the accumulated mass of loss (ALM) influenced directly by the η/Civ index. Freezing–thawing action may have weakened the effect of cement hydration products on filling in soil pores and bonding soil particles causing microcracks. The results also show that it is possible to establish a constant split tensile/compressive ratio of 0.16 regardless of the number of F–T cycles, the η/Civ index, and ALM. Nevertheless, the η/Civ index directly influenced the ALM, qu, qt, and also water absorbed by the capillary rise of all the samples. Finally, it was found mixtures that comply (in terms of durability at low temperatures and strength), requirements to be used in geotechnical constructions.
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Abbreviations
- D 50 :
-
Mean particle diameter
- D 10 :
-
Effective size
- C iv :
-
Volumetric cement content (expressed in relation to the total specimen volume)
- Biv :
-
Volumetric binder content
- Cc :
-
Coefficient of curvature
- Cu :
-
Uniformity coefficient
- q u :
-
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
- q t :
-
Splitting tensile strength (STS)
- ALM:
-
Accumulated loss of mass
- γd :
-
Dry unit weight
- η:
-
Porosity
- ω:
-
Moisture content
- R 2 :
-
Coefficient of determination
- S:
-
Dry mass of the soil
- SE:
-
Standard effort
- IE:
-
Intermediate effort
- ME:
-
Modified effort
- \(q_{u - norm}\) :
-
qu normalized (dimensionless)
- \(q_{t - norm}\) :
-
qt normalized (dimensionless)
- \({\text{A}}_{{\text{q}}}\) :
-
Empirical parameter
- NC:
-
Number of Freezing–thawing cycles
- CLM:
-
Characteristic loss of mass
- Aw :
-
Absorved water by capillary rise
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Acknowledgements
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001. The authors are thankful to the Federal University of Technology-Paraná and the support given by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) and Fundação Araucária do Paraná in Brazil. Finally, the authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their in-depth comments, suggestions, and corrections, which have greatly improved the manuscript.
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de Jesús Arrieta Baldovino, J., dos Santos Izzo, R.L. & Rose, J.L. Effects of Freeze–thaw Cycles and Porosity/cement index on Durability, Strength and Capillary Rise of a Stabilized Silty Soil Under Optimal Compaction Conditions. Geotech Geol Eng 39, 481–498 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01507-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01507-y