Abstract
Considering the importance of fertigation management in the hydroponic systems, the present study aimed to assess the frequency of fertigation and foliar application of potassium sulfate in a soilless culture of strawberries. Frequency of fertigation at three levels (1, 4, and 10 times per day) and foliar applications with potassium sulfate at three levels of concentration (0, 1, and 2 g L-1) were used. Results showed that by increasing the fertigation frequency to four times a day, the vitamin C, total acid, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of fruits increased, and foliar application of potassium sulfate in all conditions of fertigation increased this parameter. Foliar application of 2 g L-1 potassium sulfate reduced the pH of the fruit juice compared to the plants without foliar application of potassium sulfate (0 g L-1). The frequency of fertigation and foliar application of potassium sulfate had a significant effect on the indices of fruit and sepal color change. Increasing the frequency of fertigation up to 4 times a day caused a significant increase in the dry weight of leaves and roots, the number of fruits, and total chlorophyll. The highest amount of leaf and root dry weight, early yield, and RWC were obtained in treating 2 g L-1 of potassium sulfate. It can be concluded that the management of fertigation and foliar spraying with potassium sulfate has a significant effect on the growth and development of the plant and the quality characteristics of the strawberry fruit.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbasi N, Ali I, Hafiz I, Alenazi M, Shafiq M (2019) Effects of putrescine application on peach fruit during storage. Sustainability 11(2013). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072013
Ahmad U, Alvino A, Marino S (2022) Solar fertigation: a sustainable and smart IoT-based irrigation and fertilization system for efficient water and nutrient management. Agronomy 12:1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051012
Aroiee H, Davary K, Ghahraman B, Peyvast GA, Nematy H, Shahinrokshar P (2006) Effect of different irrigation schedules and substrates on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of greenhouse tomato (CV. Hamra). Acta Hortic 307–312. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2006.710.33
Benincasa P, Guiducci M, Tei F (2011) The nitrogen use efficiency: meaning and sources of variation—case studies on three vegetable crops in central Italy. HortTechnology 21:266–273. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.21.3.266
Bhat R, Sujatha S (2009) Soil fertility and nutrient uptake by arecanut (Areca catechu L.) as affected by level and frequency of fertigation in a laterite soil. Agric Water Manag 96:445–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.007
Cheng GW, Breen PJ (2019) Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and concentrations of anthocyanins and phenolics in developing strawberry fruit. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116:865–869. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.5.865
Concepcion RS, Lauguico SC, Alejandrino JD, Bandala AA, Sybingco E, Vicerra RRP, Dadios EP, Cuello JL (2021) Adaptive fertigation system using hybrid vision-based lettuce phenotyping and fuzzy logic valve controller towards sustainable aquaponics. J Adv Comput Intell Intell Inf 25:610–617. https://doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0610
Cui J, Tcherkez G (2021) Potassium dependency of enzymes in plant primary metabolism. Plant Physiol Biochem 166:522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.017
Ebel RC, Proebsting EL, Patterson ME (1993) Regulated deficit irrigation may alter apple maturity, quality, and storage life. Hort Sci 28:141–143. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.28.2.141
Florea A, Chitu E, Sumedrea D, Coman R, Butac M, Chivu M, Nicola C, Ciucu M (2018) Fruit quality at some cherry varieties recently introduced in culture under fertigation conditions. Fruit Grow Res 34:25–30. https://doi.org/10.33045/fgr.v34.2018.04
Gashu K, Halpern M, Zipori I, Bustan A, Saranga Y, Yermiyahu U (2020) Tef (Eragrostis tef Trotter) responses to nitrogen fertigation under semi-arid mediterranean climate. Agronomy 10:1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121870
Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA, Hess-Pierce B, Holcroft DM, Kader AA (2000) Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 48:4581–4589. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000404a
Hanping M, Ullah I, Jiheng N, Javed Q, Azeem A (2017) Estimating tomato water consumption by sap flow measurement in response to water stress under greenhouse conditions. J Plant Interact 12:402–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1373869
Jacobs MB (1959) The Chemical Analysis of Food and Food Products. D Van Instead, 3rd edn. Princeton, New Jersey USA
Jamil Mohammad M (2004) Squash yield, nutrient content and soil fertility parameters in response to methods of fertilizer application and rates of nitrogen fertigation. Nutr Cycl Agroecosystems 68:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FRES.0000019036.64212.9c
Knee M (2002) Fruit Quality and its Biological Basis, ilustrada. Sheffield biological sciences, USA, American
Kumar Yadav S, Prasad R, Khokhar UU (2009) Optimization of integrated nutrient supply system for strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ’Chandler’) in himachal pradesh (India). Acta Hortic 125–128. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.842.11
Kumari VV, Banerjee P, Verma VC, Sukumaran S, Chandran MAS, Gopinath KA, Venkatesh G, Yadav SK, Singh VK, Awasthi NK (2022) Plant nutrition: an effective way to alleviate abiotic stress in agricultural crops. Int J Mol Sci 23:8519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158519
Lalk GT, Bi G, Stafne ET, Li T (2023) Fertilizer type and irrigation frequency affect plant growth, yield, and gas exchange of containerized strawberry cultivars. Tech Hortic 3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.48130/TIH-2023-0003
Lalonde S, Tegeder M, Throne-Holst M, Frommer WB, Patrick JW (2003) Phloem loading and unloading of sugars and amino acids. Plant Cell Environ 26:37–56. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00847.x
Lester GE, Jifon JL, Makus DJ (2006) Supplemental foliar potassium applications with or without a surfactant can enhance netted muskmelon quality. HortScience 41:741–744. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.741
Levine CP, Mattson NS (2021) Potassium-deficient nutrient solution affects the yield, morphology, and tissue mineral elements for hydroponic baby leaf spinach (Spinacia oleracea L). Horticulturae 7:213. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080213
Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Meth Enzymol 148:350–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1
Liesche J (2016) How regulation of phloem transport could link potassium fertilization to increased growth. Tree Physiol 36:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv120
Lin D, Huang D, Wang S (2004) Effects of potassium levels on fruit quality of muskmelon in soilless medium culture. Sci Hortic 102:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2003.12.009
Luvai KA (2015) Effect of quantity and frequency of irrigation on growth characteristics and soil water balance of tomatoes in greenhouse. case study of Kitui County. University of Nairobi
Mattos D, Kadyampakeni DM, Oliver AQ, Boaretto RM, Morgan KT, Quaggio JA (2020) Soil and nutrition interactions. In: The Genus Citrus. Elsevier 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00015-2
Morillo JG, Martín M, Camacho E, Díaz JAR, Montesinos P (2015) Toward precision irrigation for intensive strawberry cultivation. Agric Water Manag 151:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.09.021
Noor H, Ding P, Ren A, Sun M, Gao Z (2023) Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield. Agronomy 13:1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061550
Oliveira A, Almeida DPF, Pintado M (2014) Changes in phenolic compounds during storage of pasteurized strawberry. Food Bioproc Tech 7:1840–1846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-013-1239-9
Pettigrew WT (2008) Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize, wheat, soybean and cotton. Physiol Plant 133:670–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01073.x
Pokhrel B, Laursen KH, Petersen KK (2015) Yield, quality, and nutrient concentrations of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Cv. ‘Sonata’) grown with different organic fertilizer strategies. J Agric Food Chem 63:5578–5586. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01366
Qin J-H, Chen Y-J, Zhou C-Y, Pang B-P, Meng M-L (2013) Effects of frequency of drip irrigation frequency under mulch on potato growth, yield and water use efficiency. Chin J Eco-Agric 21:824–830. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.00824
Rasool G, Guo X, Wang Z, Hassan M, Aleem M, Javed Q, Chen S (2020) Effect of buried straw layer coupled with fertigation on florescence and yield parameters of Chinese cabbage under greenhouse environment. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20:598–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00149-1
Sajid M, Haq SU, Jan A, Noor F, Ali QS, Alam M, Zaman A, Shah FA, Mosa WFA, Abada HS (2022) Effect of foliar application with potassium nitrate and copper sulfate on fruit yield and quality of pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. Int J Fruit Sci 22:759–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2117263
Sardans J, Peñuelas J (2021) Potassium control of plant functions: ecological and agricultural implications. Plants 10:419. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020419
Silber A, Bruner M, Kenig E, Reshef G, Zohar H, Posalski I, Yehezkel H, Shmuel D, Cohen S, Dinar M, Matan E, Dinkin I, Cohen Y, Karni L, Aloni B, Assouline S (2005) High fertigation frequency and phosphorus level: effects on summer-grown bell pepper growth and blossom-end rot incidence. Plant Soil 270:135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-1311-3
Simkova K, Veberic R, Hudina M, Cvelbar Weber N, Smrke T, Grohar MC, Ivancic T, Pelacci M, Medic A, Jakopic J (2023) Quantification and distribution of primary and secondary metabolites in the inner and outer parts of strawberry fruit. Horticulturae 9:605. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050605
Singleton V, Rossi J (1956) Colorimetry of total phenolics whit phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158
Szczerba MW, Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ (2009) K+ transport in plants: physiology and molecular biology. J Plant Physiol 166:447–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2008.12.009
Thakur P, Wadhwa H, Kaushal S, Shubham (2023) Nutrient dynamics for hydroponic production system. int J Plant Soil Sci 35:982–993. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i214069
Tränkner M, Tavakol E, Jákli B (2018) Functioning of potassium and magnesium in photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation and photoprotection. Physiol Plant 163:414–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12747
Wang M, Zheng Q, Shen Q, Guo S (2013) The critical role of potassium in plant stress response. Int J Mol Sci 14:7370–7390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047370
Wu Y, Li L, Li M, Zhang M, Sun H, Sigrimis N (2020) Optimal fertigation for high yield and fruit quality of greenhouse strawberry. PLoS ONE 15:e0224588. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224588
Yildirim E, Karlidag H, Turan M (2009) Mitigation of salt stress in strawberry by foliar K, ca and mg nutrient supply. Plant Soil Environ 55:213–221. https://doi.org/10.17221/383-PSE
Zahedi SM, Hosseini MS, Fahadi Hoveizeh N, Kadkhodaei S, Vaculík M (2023) Physiological and biochemical responses of commercial strawberry cultivars under optimal and drought stress conditions. Plants 12:496. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030496
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Malekzadeh, M.R., Esmaeilizadeh, M. & Roosta, H.R. Optimizing Strawberry Growth and Fruit Quality through Fertigation Frequency and Foliar Application of Potassium Sulfate. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01729-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01729-6