Abstract
To study the effects of foliar application of auxin (indole acetic acid) on the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of safflower cultivars under water-deficit stress (WDS) condition at the end of the growing season, an experiment was performed using split-plot factorial in the form of randomized complete block design with three replicates during the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 crop seasons. The main factor of this experiment was water-deficit stress in two levels, i.e., normal irrigation (control) and irrigation cut-off at flowering stage, and two sub-factors include safflower cultivars (Golmehr and Goldasht) and foliar application of auxin in two levels, i.e., no application and applying 4 g.L−1 auxin. Water stress decreased bush heights, grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, SPAD index, contents of oil, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid and increased proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase. In comparison with the Golmehr cultivar, the Goldasht cultivar had a higher number of grains (13.27%), grain yield (32.42%), and biological yield (34.29%). Higher bush height (15%), oil percent (9.58%), linoleic acid (30.76%), and oleic acid content (19.59%) were observed in Golmehr cultivar. Under WDS, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline in the two cultivars did not change significantly; however, under WDS, meanwhile, Goldasht cultivar showed higher catalase (12%) and peroxidase (13.5%) activities and proline (11.04%). Since using auxin alleviated the side effects of WDS through increasing SPAD index (2.51%), proline content (17.93%), and activities of catalase (30.53%) and peroxidase (14.72%) enzymes, auxin application can be recommended for alleviating the effects of WDS.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abeysingha GLDN, (2015) The effect of auxins on seed yield parameters in wheat, pea and canola grown under controlled environment and western Canadian field conditions. https://doi.org/10.7939/R38K75492
Ahmadikhah A, Marufinia A (2016) Effect of reduced plant height on drought tolerance in rice, 3 Biotech. 6:221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0542-3
Akbudak MA, Filiz E, Vatansever R, Kontbay K (2018) Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes under drought stress in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L). J Plant Growth Regul 37:925–936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-018-9788-9
Aminian R, Parsamehr S, Habibzadeh F, (2018) Response of different genotypes of safflower (Carthamus tinctoriuos L) to the foliar spraying of nano-iron oxide at the low irrigation conditions. 10, 121-136. https://doi.org/10.22069/EJCP.2018.12420.1963
Ashrafi E, Razmjoo K (2010) Effect of irrigation regimes on oil content and composition of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) cultivars. J Am Oil Chem Soc 87:499–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1527-8
Awasthi R, Kaushal N, Vadez V, Turner NC, Berger J, Siddique KHM, Nayyar H (2014) Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea. Funct Plant Biol 41:1148–1167. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP13340
Bagheri N, Alizadeh O, Zadeh SS, Aref F, Ordookhani K (2019) Evaluation of auxin priming and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of wheat under drought stress. EurAsian J Biosci 13:711–716
Bandurska H, Niedziela J, Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K, Chadzinikolau T, Radzikowska D (2017) Regulation of proline biosynthesis and resistance to drought stress in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L) genotypes of different origin. Plant Physiol Biochem 118:427–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.006
Barutcular C, Sabagh AEL, Konuskan O, Saneoka H, Yoldash KM (2016) Evaluation of maize hybrids to terminal drought stress tolerance by defining drought indices. J Exp Biol Agric Sci 4:610–616. https://doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(Issue6).610.616
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Bayati P, Karimmojeni H, Razmjoo J (2020) Changes in essential oil yield and fatty acid contents in black cumin (Nigella sativa L) genotypes in response to drought stress. Ind Crop Prod 155:112764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112764
Bistgani ZE, Siadat SA, Bakhshandeh A, Pirbalouti AG, Hashemi M (2017) Interactive effects of drought stress and chitosan application on physiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis Celak. Crop J 5:407–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.04.003
Bremener JM, Mulvaney CS (1982) Nitrogen-area. Methods of soil analysis. Pt-2. Chemical and microbiological properties. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Agronomy monograph 9. Am. Soc. Agron, Madison, WI, pp 699–709. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed
Cakmak I, Horst WJ (1991) Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiol Plant 83:463–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb00121.x
Darkwa K, Ambachew D, Mohammed H, Asfaw A, Blair MW (2016) Evaluation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) genotypes for drought stress adaptation in Ethiopia. Crop J 4:367–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2016.06.007
Davani D, Nabipoor M, Roshanfekr Dezfoli H (2016) Effect of cytokinin and auxin regulators on some characteristics of grain maize under different planting patterns in salinity conditions. Cereal Res 6:215–228
Davari A (2017) Influence of drought stress on plant height, biological yield and grain yield of rapeseed in Khash region. Int J Agric Biosci 6:4–6
Dwivedi SL, Nigam SN, Jambunathan R, Sahrawat KL, Nagabhushanam GVS, Raghunath K (1993) Effect of genotypes and environments on oil content and oil quality parameters and their correlation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L). Peanut Sci 20:84–89. https://doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-20-2-5
Enjalbert J-N, Zheng S, Johnson JJ, Mullen JL, Byrne PF, McKay JK (2013) Brassicaceae germplasm diversity for agronomic and seed quality traits under drought stress. Ind Crop Prod 47:176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.02.037
Eyni-Nargeseh H, AghaAlikhani M, Shirani Rad AH, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Modarres Sanavy SAM (2020) Late season deficit irrigation for water-saving: selection of rapeseed (Brassica napus) genotypes based on quantitative and qualitative features. Arch Agron Soil Sci 66:126–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1602866
Gomathi R, Krishnapriya V, Arunkumar R, Govindaraj P, Ram B (2020) Physiological traits imparting drought stress tolerance to promising sugarcane (Saccharum spp) clones. Plant Physiol Reports 25:509–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-020-00536-2
Gregersen PL, Holm PB (2007) Transcriptome analysis of senescence in the flag leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Plant Biotechnol J 5:192–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00232.x
Guo P, Baum M, Grando S, Ceccarelli S, Bai G, Li R, Von Korff M, Varshney RK, Graner A, Valkoun J (2009) Differentially expressed genes between drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive barley genotypes in response to drought stress during the reproductive stage. J Exp Bot 60:3531–3544. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp194
Habibi H, Ghavami M, Fotokian MH, Talaei GH (2015) Effect of foliar applications with auxin (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) and planting dates on yield quality and quantity of in three cultivars of cotton fibers. Int J Biosci 6:9–15. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/6.8.9-15
Haghshenas R, Sharafi S, Gholinezhad E (2020) Effect of different levels of drought stress and mycorrhiza on yield of safflower cultivars. J Agric Sci Sustain Prod 30:91–109
Hama JR (2017) Comparison of fatty acid profile changes between unroasted and roasted brown sesame (Sesamum indicum L) seeds oil. Int J Food Prop 20:957–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912
Hansen H, Grossmann K (2000) Auxin-induced ethylene triggers abscisic acid biosynthesis and growth inhibition. Plant Physiol 124:1437–1448. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.3.1437
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M, Ahmad A (2010) Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: a review. Environ Exp Bot 68:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.08.005
Hong L, Ye C, Lin J, Fu H, Wu X, Li QQ (2018) Alternative polyadenylation is involved in auxin-based plant growth and development. Plant J 93:246–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13771
Hunter AH, Pratt PF (1957) Extraction of potassium from soils by sulfuric acid. Soil Sci Soc Am J 21:595–598. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1957.03615995002100060007x
Jafari S, Garmdareh SEH, Azadegan B (2019) Effects of drought stress on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of stock plant (Matthiola incana L). Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 253:128–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.033
Khalili M, Hamze H (2019) Effect of super-adsorbent and irrigation levels on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). J Crop Ecophy (Agric Sci) 13:395–412
Lesk C, Rowhani P, Ramankutty N (2016) Influence of extreme weather disasters on global crop production. Nature 529:84–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16467
Liu J, Qiu W, Song Y (2016) Stimulatory effect of auxins on the growth and lipid productivity of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Algal Res 18:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.06.027
Mao J-P, Zhang D, Zhang X, Li K, Liu Z, Meng Y, Lei C, Han M-Y (2018) Effect of exogenous indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) application on the morphology, hormone status, and gene expression of developing lateral roots in Malus hupehensis. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 232:112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.013
Moghadam HRT, Zahedi H, Ghooshchi F (2011) Oil quality of canola cultivars in response to water stress and super absorbent polymer application. Pesqui Agropecuária Trop 41:579–586. https://doi.org/10.5216/pat.v41i4.13366
Mohammadi M, Mohammadi Torkashvand A, Biparva P, Esfandiari M (2020) The ability of layered double hydroxides for nitrate absorption and desorption in crop and fallow rotation. Glob J Environ Sci Manag 7:59–78. https://doi.org/10.22034/GJESM.2021.01.05
Mohsenzadeh S, Zohrabi M (2018) Auxin and sodium nitroprusside effects on wheat antioxidants in salinity. Russ J Plant Physiol 65:651–657. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443718050138
Moravveji S, Zamani GR, Kafi M, Alizadeh Z (2017) Effect of different salinity levels on yield and yield components of spring canola cultivars (Brassica napus L) and Indian mustard (B juncea L). Environ Stress Crop Sci 10:445–457. https://doi.org/10.22077/ESCS.2017.302.1062
Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) Amodified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 27:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5
Nickel KS, Cunningham BA (1969) Improved peroxidase assay method using leuco 2, 3′, 6-trichloroindophenol and application to comparative measurements of peroxidatic catalysis. Anal Biochem 27:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(69)90035-9
Ohara N, Naito Y, Kasama K, Shindo T, Yoshida H, Nagata T, Okuyama H (2009) Similar changes in clinical and pathological parameters in Wistar Kyoto rats after a 13-week dietary intake of canola oil or a fatty acid composition-based interesterified canola oil mimic. Food Chem Toxicol 47:157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.022
Omidi H, Sarami R, Bostani AA (2017) The effect of auxin and cytokinin on the biochemical parameters and peroxidase activity (H2O2) of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under salinity stress. J Sci Technol Greenh Cult 8:91–105. https://doi.org/10.29252/ejgcst.8.3.91
Parmoon G, Ebadi A, Jahanbakhsh S, Hashemi M (2019) Physiological response of fennel (Foeniculumvulgare Mill) to drought stress and plant growth regulators. Russ J Plant Physiol 66:795–805. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443719050170
Rady MOA, Semida WM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Howladar SM, Shaaban A (2020) Foliage applied selenium improves photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant potential and wheat productivity under drought stress. Int J Agric Biol 24:1293–1300. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1562
Rahmani F, Sayfzadeh S, Jabbari H, Valadabadi SA, Masouleh EH (2019) Alleviation of drought stress effects on safflower yield by foliar application of zinc. Int J Plant Prod 13:297–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-019-00055-7
Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV, Vivekanandan M (2004) Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol 161:1189–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.013
Sadak MS, Dawood MG, Bakry BA, El-Karamany MF (2013) Synergistic effect of indole acetic acid and kinetin on performance, some biochemical constituents and yield of faba bean plant grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. World J Agric Sci 9:335–344. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjas.2013.9.4.1759
SAS Institute Inc, (2004) SAS/STAT user’s guide. Version 6, fourth ed. Statistical Analysis Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina
Sharma SS, Dietz K-J (2006) The significance of amino acids and amino acid-derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress. J Exp Bot 57:711–726. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erj073
Sharma E, Sharma R, Borah P, Jain M, Khurana JP (2015) Emerging roles of auxin in abiotic stress responses. In: elucidation of abiotic stress signaling in plants. Springer, pp 299–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2211-6_11
Shin E-C, Craft BD, Pegg RB, Phillips RD, Eitenmiller RR (2010) Chemometric approach to fatty acid profiles in runner-type peanut cultivars by principal component analysis (PCA). Food Chem 119:1262–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.058
Walkley A, Black IA (1934) An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci 37:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Yadav T, Kumar A, Yadav RK, Yadav G, Kumar R, Kushwaha M (2020) Salicylic acid and thiourea mitigate the salinity and drought stress on physiological traits governing yield in pearl millet-wheat. Saudi J Biol Sci 27:2010–2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.030
Yeloojeh KA, Saeidi G, Sabzalian MR (2020) Drought stress improves the composition of secondary metabolites in safflower flower at the expense of reduction in seed yield and oil content. Ind Crop Prod 154:112496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112496
Zažímalová E, Petrášek J, Benková E, (2014) Auxin and its role in plant development springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1526-8
Zegaoui Z, Planchais S, Cabassa C, Djebbar R, Belbachir OA, Carol P (2017) Variation in relative water content, proline accumulation and stress gene expression in two cowpea landraces under drought. J Plant Physiol 218:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.009
Zhang H, Berger JD, Milroy SP (2013) Genotype× environment interaction studies highlight the role of phenology in specific adaptation of canola (Brassica napus) to contrasting Mediterranean climates. Field Crop Res 144:77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.01.006
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(DOC 81 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pashang, D., Weisany, W. & Ghajar, F.GK. Changes in the Fatty Acid and Morphophysiological Traits of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Cultivars as Response to Auxin Under Water-Deficit Stress. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 2164–2177 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00512-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00512-1