Abstract
Since 2015, China has implemented chemical fertilizer reduction, aiming to achieve zero growth in the application rate of chemical fertilizer. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the effect of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic materials in a wheat-maize rotation system from fluvo-aquic soil in North China on soil microbial community. The field experiment included five fertilization treatments, i.e., chemical fertilizer with conventional application rate (F), chemical fertilizer reduction on the basis of conventional fertilization (FR), chemical fertilizer reduction plus straw (FRS), chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer (FRO), and chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer and straw (FROS). The abundance, composition, diversity, and structure of bacterial and fungal communities among treatments were evaluated using qPCR and Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM) and total nitrogen (TN) in all treatments with addition of organic materials were much higher than those in treatments applied with only chemical fertilizer. The SOM content in the FRS, FRO, and FROS treatments increased by 23.91%, 37.12%, 26.09%, and the TN content increased by 11.96%, 21.08%, 15.22% in comparison with the F treatment, respectively. The lowest contents of available phosphorus (AP) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) were observed in FR treatment. The AP content in FRO and FROS treatments were 2.44 times and 2.42 times greater than that in FR treatment, respectively. Compared with F treatment, the organic materials input significantly increased bacterial and fungal abundances. More significant effects on the α-diversity with organic fertilizer were observed in the fungal community compared with the bacterial community. The significant increase of Ascomycota and the decline of Mortierellomycota and Glomeromycota were observed in the combined with organic materials treated soils. The nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis demonstrated that the bacterial community structure in the F treatment was clearly separated from the other treatments, and the other treatments clustered closely, while with respect to fungal community structure, the FRO and FROS treatments grouped together and were separated from the other three treatments. The redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that the structure of the bacterial community was significantly correlated with SOM and TN, and the fungal community structure was strongly correlated with AP, SOM, and TN. The chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer and straw can effectively improve soil fertility and nutrient availability, altered the community structure of both bacteria and fungi, but only significantly reduced fungal biodiversity. The influence of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic materials on fungi was greater than that on bacteria in fluvo-aquic soil of North China.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bei SK, Zhang YL, Li TT, Christie P, Li XL, Zhang JL (2018) Response of the soil microbial community to different fertilizer inputs in a wheat-maize rotation on a calcareous soil. Agric Ecosyst Environ 260:58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.03.014
Blagodatskaya EV, Anderson TH (1998) Interactive effects of pH and substrate quality on the fungal-to-bacterial ratio and qCO2 of microbial communities in forest soils. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1269–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00050-9
Brito I, Goss MJ, de Carvalho M, Chatagnier O, van Tuinen D (2012) Impact of tillage system on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal communities in the soil under Mediterranean conditions. Soil Till Res 121:63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.01.012
Chen C, Zhang JN, Lu M, Qin C, Chen Y, Yang L, Huang QW, Wang JC, Shen ZG, Shen QR (2016) Microbial communities of an arable soil treated for 8 years with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Biol Fertil Soils 52:455–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-016-1089-5
Cui J, Wang JJ, Xu J, Xu CH, Xu XN (2017) Changes in soil bacterial communities in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in East China following 4 years of nitrogen addition. J Soils Sediments 17:2156–2164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-017-1671-y
Fay BJ, Corrigan A, Murphy RA (2016) Short-term effects of mechanical drainage on fungal and bacterial community structure in a managed grassland soil. Appl Soil Ecol 101:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.01.014
Frey SD, Six J, Elliott ET (2003) Reciprocal transfer of carbon and nitrogen by decomposer fungi at the soil-litter interface. Soil Biol Biochem 35:1001–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00155-X
Ghafari S, Aroua MK, Hasan M (2010) Control of pH during water denitrification in an upflow bio-electrochemical reactor (UBER) using a pumparound system. Sep Purif Technol 72:401–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.03.014
Giacometti C, Cavani L, Baldoni G, Ciavatta C, Marzadori C, Kandeler E (2014) Microplate-scale fluorometric soil enzyme assays as tools to assess soil quality in a long-term agricultural field experiment. Appl Soil Ecol 75:80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.10.009
Gruzdeva LI, Matveeva EM, Kovalenko TE (2007) Changes in soil nematode communities under the impact of fertilizers. Eurasian Soil Sci 40:681–693. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229307060105
Guo JJ, Liu WB, Zhu C, Luo GW, Kong YL, Ling N, Wang M, Dai JY, Shen QR, Guo SW (2018) Bacterial rather than fungal community composition is associated with microbial activities and nutrient-use efficiencies in a paddy soil with short-term organic amendments. Plant Soil 424:335–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3547-8
Hartmann M, Frey B, Mayer J, Mäder P, Widmer F (2015) Distinct soil microbial diversity under long-term organic and conventional farming. ISME J 9:1177–1194. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2014.210
Hermans SM, Buckley HL, Case BS, Curran-Cournane F, Taylor M, Lear G (2017) Bacteria as emerging indicators of soil condition. Appl Environ Microb 83(1):e02826–e02816. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02826-16
Hu X, Liu J, Wei D, Zhu P, Cui X, Zhou BK, Chen XL, Jin J, Liu XB, Wang GH (2017) Effects of over 30-year of different fertilization regimes on fungal community compositions in the black soils of Northeast China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 248:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.07.031
Hu X, Liu J, Wei D, Zhu P, Cui XA, Zhou BK, Chen XL, Jin J, Liu XB, Wang GH (2018) Soil bacterial communities under different long-term fertilization regimes in three locations across the black soil region of Northeast China. Pedosphere 28(5):751–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60040-2
Huang TT, Wu ZY, Zhang WX (2020) Effects of garlic addition on bacterial communities and the conversions of nitrate and nitrite in a simulated pickle fermentation system. Food Control 113:107215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107215
Huhe CXJ, Hou FJ, Wu YP, Cheng YX (2017a) Bacterial and fungal community structures in loess plateau grasslands with different grazing intensities. Front Microbiol 8:606. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00606
Huhe JC, Wu Y, Chen YX (2017b) MicrobiologyOpen 6:e518. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.518
Kamble PN, Bååth E (2016) Comparison of fungal and bacterial growth after alleviating induced N-limitation in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 103:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.08.015
Kamolmanit B, Vityakon P, Kaewpradit W, Cadisch G, Rasche F (2013) Soil fungal communities and enzyme activities in a sandy, highly weathered tropical soil treated with biochemically contrasting organic inputs. Biol Fertil Soils 49:905–917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0785-7
Kerfahi D, Tripathi BM, Dong K, Go R, Adams JM (2016) Rainforest conversion to rubber plantation may not result in lower soil diversity of bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. Microb Ecol 72:359–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0790-0
Li J, Shi Y, Luo J, Zaman M, Houlbrooke D, Ding W, Ledgard S, Ghani A (2014a) Use of nitrogen process inhibitors for reducing gaseous nitrogen losses from land-applied farm effluents. Biol Fertil Soils 50:133–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-013-0842-2
Li XZ, Rui JP, Mao YJ, Yannarell A, Mackie R (2014b) Dynamics of the bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere of a maize cultivar. Soil Biol Biochem 68:392–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.017
Li H, Feng WT, He XH, Zhu P, Gao HJ, Sun N, Xu MG (2017) Chemical fertilizers could be completely replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) when SOC reaches a threshold in the Northeast China Plain. J Integr Agr 16:937–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61559-9
Li H, Zhang Y, Yang S, Wang ZR, Feng X, Liu HY, Jiang Y (2019) Variations in soil bacterial taxonomic profiles and putative functions in response to straw incorporation combined with N fertilization during the maize growing season. Agric Ecosyst Environ 283:106578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106578
Lin Y, Ye G, Kuzyakov Y, Liu DY, Fan JB, Ding WX (2019) Long-term manure application increases soil organic matter and aggregation, and alters microbial community structure and keystone taxa. Soil Biol Biochem 134:187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.03.030
Liu G, Chen L, Shi X, Yuan LY (2019) Changes in rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community composition with vegetation restoration in planted forests. Land Degrad Dev 30:1147–1157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3275
Mei ML, Yan ZJ, Duangthip DP, Niu JY, Yu OY, You M, Lo ECM, Chu CH (2020) Effect of silver diamine fluoride on plaque microbiome in children. J Dent: X 3:100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjodo.2020.100016
Merloti LF, Mendes LW, Pedrinho A, Souza LF, Ferrari BM, Tsai SM (2019) Forest-to-agriculture conversion in Amazon drives soil microbial communities and N-cycle. Soil Biol Biochem 137:107567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107567
Mothapo N, Chen H, Cubeta MA, Grossman JM, Fred F, Shi W (2015) Phylogenetic, taxonomic and functional diversity of fungal denitrifiers and associated N2O production efficacy. Soil Biol Biochem 83:160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.02.001
Pinggera J, Geisseler D, Piepho HP, Joergensen RG, Ludwig B (2015) Effect of substrate quality on the N uptake routes of soil microorganisms in different soil depths. Pedobiologia 58:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2015.10.002
Qi YL, Ossowicki A, Yang XM, Lwanga EH, Dini-Andreote F, Geissen V, Garbeva P (2020) Effects of plastic mulch film residues on wheat rhizosphere and soil properties. J Hazard Mater 387:121711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121711
Rousk J (2010) Considering fungal: bacterial dominance in soils - methods, controls, and ecosystem implications. Soil Biol Biochem 42:1385–1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.05.007
Sanaullah M, Chabbi A, Maron PA, Baumann K, Tardy V, Blagodatskaya E, Kuzyakov RC (2016) How do microbial communities in top-and subsoil respond to root litter addition under field conditions? Soil Biol Biochem 103:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.017
Shen ZZ, Wang DS, Ruan YZ, Xue C, Zhang J, Li R, Shen QR (2014) Deep 16S rRNA pyrosequencing reveals a bacterial community associated with banana fusarium wilt disease suppression induced by bio-organic fertilizer application. PLoS One 9:e98420. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098420
Singh B, Singh Y, Ladha JK, Bronson KF, Balasubramanian V, Singh J (2002) Chlorophyll meter- and leaf color chart-based nitrogen management for rice and wheat in northwestern India. Agron J 94:821–829. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.8210
Tautges NE, Sullivan TS, Reardon CL, Burke IC (2016) Soil microbial diversity and activity linked to crop yield and quality in a dryland organic wheat production system. Appl Soil Ecol 108:258–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.09.003
Treseder KK, Maltz MR, Hawkins BA, Fierer N, Stajich JE, McGuire KL (2014) Evolutionary histories of soil fungi are reflected in their large-scale biogeography. Ecol Lett 17:1086–1093. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12311
van der Heijen MGA, Bardgett RD, van Straalen NM (2008) The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecol Lett 11(3):296–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01139.x
Vestergard M, Henry F, Rangel-Castro JI, Michelsen A, Prosser JI, Christensen S (2008) Rhizosphere bacterial community composition responds to arbuscular mycorrhiza, but not to reductions in microbial activity induced by foliar cutting. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 64:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00447.x
Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR (2007) Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microb 73:5261–5267. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00062-07
Wang JC, Song Y, Ma TF, Raza W, Li J, Howland JG, Huang QW, Shen QR (2017) Impacts of inorganic and organic fertilization treatments on bacterial and fungal communities in a paddy soil. Appl Soil Ecol 112:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.01.005
Wang Q, Wang C, Yu WW, Turak A, Chen DW, Huang Y, Ao JH, Jiang Y, Huang ZR (2018) Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs on soil bacterial abundance, diversity, and community composition in chinese fir plantations. Front Microbiol 9:1543. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01543
Wei M, Hu GQ, Wang H, Bai E, Lou YH, Zhang AJ, Zhuge YP (2017) 35 years of manure and chemical fertilizer application alters soil microbial community composition in a fluvo-aquic soil in Northern China. Eur J Soil Biol 82:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2017.08.002
Yang F, Tian J, Fang HJ, Gao Y, Xu MG, Lou YL, Zhou BK, Kuzyakov Y (2019a) Functional soil organic matter fractions, microbial community, and enzyme activities in a Mollisol under 35 years manure and mineral fertilization. J Soil Sci Plant Nut 19:430–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00047-6
Yang HJ, Ma JX, Rong ZY, Zeng DD, Wang YC, Hu SJ, Ye WW, Zheng XB (2019b) Wheat straw return influences nitrogen-cycling and pathogen associated soil microbiota in a wheat-soybean rotation system. Front Microbiol 10:1811. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01811
Yang L, Bai JS, Zeng NH, Zhou X, Liao YL, Lu YH, Rees RM, Nie J, Cao WD (2019c) Diazotroph abundance and community structure are reshaped by straw return and mineral fertilizer in rice-rice-green manure rotation. Appl Soil Ecol 136:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.12.015
Ye GP, Lin YX, Luo JF, Di HJ, Lindsey S, Liu DY, Fan JB, Ding WX (2020) Responses of soil fungal diversity and community composition to long-term fertilization: field experiment in an acidic Ultisol and literature synthesis. Appl Soil Ecol 145:103305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.06.008
Yelle DJ, Ralph J, Lu F, Hammel KE (2008) Evidence for cleavage of lignin by a brown rot basidiomycete. Environ Microbiol 10:1844–1849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01605.x
Yu YJ, Wu M, Petropoulos E, Zhang JW, Nie J, Liao YL, Li ZP, Lin XG, Feng YZ (2019) Responses of paddy soil bacterial community assembly to different long-term fertilizations in Southeast China. Sci Total Environ 656:625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.359
Yuan HZ, Ge TD, Zhou P, Liu SL, Roberts P, Zhu HH, Zou ZY, Tong CL, Wu JS (2013) Soil microbial biomass and bacterial and fungal community structures responses to long-term fertilization in paddy soils. J Soils Sediments 13:877–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0664-8
Zhang XY, Xie J, Yang FT, Dong WY, Dai XQ, Yang Y, Sun XM (2018) Specific responses of soil microbial residue carbon to long-term mineral fertilizer applications to reddish paddy soils. Pedosphere 28(3):488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60335-7
Zhao HL, Ning P, Chen YL, Liu JF, Ghaffar SA, Tian XH, Shi JL (2019a) Effect of straw amendment modes on soil organic carbon, nitrogen sequestration and crop yield on the North-Central Plain of China. Soil Use Manag 35(3):511–525. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12482
Zhao SC, Qiu SJ, Xu XP, Ciampitti IA, Zhang SQ, He P (2019b) Change in straw decomposition rate and soil microbial community composition after straw addition in different long-term fertilization soils. Appl Soil Ecol 138:123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.02.018
Zhou J, Jiang X, Zhou BK, Zhao BS, Ma MC, Guan DW, Li J, Chen SF, Cao FM, Shen DL, Qin J (2016) Thirty four years of nitrogen fertilization decreases fungal diversity and alters fungal community composition in black soil in Northeast China. Soil Biol Biochem 95:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.012
Zhu J, Peng H, Ji XH, Li CJ, Li SN (2019) Effects of reduced inorganic fertilization and rice straw recovery on soil enzyme activities and bacterial community in double-rice paddy soils. Eur J of Soil Biol 94:103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2019.103116
Funding
This work was supported by the Public Welfare Industry (Agriculture) Scientific Research Project of China (201503121-04), Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Research, and Development Plan Support Project (2016YFD0201009).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, X., Zhang, T., Zhao, J. et al. Variation of Soil Bacterial and Fungal Communities from Fluvo-Aquic Soil Under Chemical Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Organic Materials in North China Plain. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 349–363 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00365-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00365-0