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Kinetic study on microwave-enhanced direct reduction of titanomagnetite concentrate with coal

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Abstract

Titanomagnetite concentrate is one of the important titanium resources. The apparent activation energy (\({E}_{\mathrm{a}}\)) of the direct reduction of titanomagnetite concentrate was composed of two parts (average activation energy: \({\overline{E} }_{\mathrm{a}}={\overline{E} }_{\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{L}}+{E}_{\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{Step }1}\), where \({E}_{\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{L}}\) is the lattice energy of titanomagnetite concentrate, and \({E}_{\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{Step\ }1}\) is the activation energy of step 1 for the reduction of titanomagnetite concentrate in the route of Fe3+ \(\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{\rm{Step}1}\) Fe2+ \(\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{\rm{Step}2}\) Fe2O2+ \(\mathop{\longrightarrow}\limits^{\rm{Step}3}\) Fe0). \({\overline{E} }_{\mathrm{a}}\) (583.43 kJ/mol), \({\overline{E} }_{\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{L}}\) (426.4 kJ/mol), and \({E}_{\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{Step}1}\) (157.0 kJ/mol) were calculated by the model-free methods based on thermogravimetry and Dmol3 module. Combined with the analysis of activation energy fluctuation and the shifting trend of related mechanism functions, the reduction kinetic system with three main characteristics, namely nucleation, diffusion and concentration fluctuation, was established. In addition, the scanning electron microscopy comparison analysis of the samples from microwave reduction and conventional reduction shows that microwave heating could realize the microstructure Ti–Fe separation and reduce the lattice energy of the titanomagnetite concentrate, thus enhancing the reduction process by 7.68% from the perspective of activation energy.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1900500), Yunnan Province Special Key Project of Basic Research (202101as070014), and Scientific Research Fund of Panzhihua University (XJ2022001301).

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Author notes

  1. Peng Liu and Si-yu Gong have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Peng Liu, Si-yu Gong, Yu-wen Chao, Bing-guo Liu & Li-bo Zhang

  2. Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intensification Metallurgy, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Peng Liu, Si-yu Gong, Yu-wen Chao, Bing-guo Liu & Li-bo Zhang

  3. National Local Joint Laboratory of Engineering Application of Microwave Energy and Equipment Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Peng Liu, Si-yu Gong, Yu-wen Chao, Bing-guo Liu & Li-bo Zhang

  4. Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Peng Liu, Si-yu Gong, Yu-wen Chao, Bing-guo Liu & Li-bo Zhang

  5. Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, Yunnan, China

    Peng Liu, Si-yu Gong, Yu-wen Chao, Bing-guo Liu & Li-bo Zhang

  6. Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan, China

    Peng Liu & En-hui Wu

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  1. Peng Liu
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Liu, P., Gong, Sy., Chao, Yw. et al. Kinetic study on microwave-enhanced direct reduction of titanomagnetite concentrate with coal. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 30, 429–445 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-022-00888-z

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