Abstract
Groundwater (GW) is a significant source of freshwater supply because of the increasing the demand of for water for agriculture, industrial, rapid population growth and domestic consumption. In this paper, DRASTIC vulnerability model was implemented to assess vulnerability zones in the middle Delta, Gharbia Governorate (Egypt). DRASTIC maps are developed for modified pesticide DRASTIC, modified DRASTIC and pesticide DRASTIC. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to optimize the ratings and the weights of vulnerability DRASTIC model input parameters. Quantile classification approach was applied to classify the areas as follow: very high, high, moderate, low and very low vulnerable to groundwater contamination in all DRASTIC models. Based on all DRASTIC models, obtained results demonstrate that South of Zefta is classified as a very high vulnerable zone. Most of Qutur region is classified as moderate vulnerable zone based on all DRASTIC models, except AHP-pesticide DRASTIC and AHP-modified pesticide DRASTIC are classified as highly vulnerable zone. The majority of Samanod region as well as north of Al-Mahalla Al-Kubra region are categorized as a very low vulnerable zone. Single-parameter sensitivity analyses demonstrated that groundwater depth characteristic possesses the maximum influence on vulnerability assessment. The models are validated with measured nitrate concentration for water samples collected from 75 wells. Obtained results show accepted correlation between nitrate concentration and AHP pesticide modified DRASTIC.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have approved of and have agreed to submit the manuscript to this journal.
References
Agossou, A., & Yang, J. S. (2021). Comparative study of groundwater vulnerability to contamination assessment methods applied to the southern coastal sedimentary basin of Benin. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 35, 100803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100803
Aller, L., Bennet, T., Lehr, J. H., & Petty, R. J. (1985). A standardized system for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeological settings. R.S. Kerr, Envir. Res. Lab., EPA/600/2–85/018, Ada, Oklahoma.
Aller, L., Bennet, T., Lehr, J. H., & Petty, R. J. (1987). A standardized system for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeological settings. R.S. Kerr, Envir. Res. Lab., EPA/600/2–87/035, US Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma.
Armanuos, A. M., Negm, A, & Yoshimura, C. (2016). Application of wetspass model to estimate groundwater recharge variability in the nile delta aquifer application of wetspass model to estimate groundwater recharge variability in the nile delta aquifer, July
Armanuos, A. M., Allam, A., & Negm, A. M. (2019). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in western Nile Delta aquifer, Egypt, 2019. In Twenty-second international water technology conference, IWTC22, Ismailia, 12–13 September 2019.
Awawdeh, M., Al-Kharbsheh, N., Obeidat, M., & Awawdeh, M. (2020). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using modified SINTACS model in Wadi Shueib, Jordan. Annals of GIS, 26(4), 377–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2020.1773535
Babiker, I. S., Mohamed, M. A. A., Hiyama, T., & Kato, K. (2005). A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan. Science of the Total Environment, 345(1–3), 127–140.
Bera, A., Mukhopadhyay, B. P., Chowdhury, P., Ghosh, A., & Biswas, S. (2021). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using GIS-based DRASTIC model in Nangasai River Basin, India with special emphasis on agricultural contamination. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014, 112085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112085
CAPMAS. (2012). Central agency for public mobilization and statistics, Egypt. http://www.capmas.gov.eg/.
Diab, M. S., Dahab, K. A., & El-Fakharany, M. A. (1997). Impact of the paleohydrogeological conditions on the groundwater quality in the northern part of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology, 41(2), 779–796.
Ducci, D., & Sellerino, M. (2022). A modified AVI model for groundwater vulnerability mapping: Case studies in Southern Italy. Water, 14(2), 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020248
El-naqa, A., Hammouri, N., Al Kuisi, M. M., & Iron Oxide Crusts (2005) GIS-based evaluation of groundwater vulnerability in Russeifa Area, Jordan GIS-Based Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability in the Russeifa Area, Jordan (December)
FAO. (2006). World reference base for soil resources. A framework for international classification, correlation and communication. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
Gad, M. I., El-Kammar, M. M., & Ismail, H. M. G. (2015). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using different overlay and index methods for quaternary aquifer of Wadi El-Tumilat, East Delta, Egypt. Asian Review of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 2(1), 9–22.
Ghadimi, M., Zangenehtabar, S., Malekian, A., et al. (2022). Groundwater vulnerability assessment in a karst aquifer: A case study of western Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03956-9
Hamdan, I., Al-Rawabdeh, A., & Al Hseinat, M. (2020). Groundwater vulnerability assessment for the Corridor Wellfield using DRASTIC and modified DRASTIC models: A case study of Eastern Jordan. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 991–1008. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.1010046
Malakootian, M., & Nozari, M. (2019). Contribution of the sensitivity analysis in groundwater vulnerability assessing using the DRASTIC and composite DRASTIC indexes. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-181
Masoud, A. A. (2015). Geotechnical evaluation of the alluvial soils for urban land management zonation in Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 101, 360–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.10.009
MWRI. (2013). Zone, adaptation to climate change in the Nile Delta through integrated coastal management. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Giza.
Napolitano, P., & Fabbri, A. G. (1996). Single-parameter sensitivity analysis for aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and SINTACS. In K. Kovar & H. P. Nachtnebel (Eds.), HydrolGis application of geographic information systems in hydrology and waterresources management (Vol. 235, pp. 559–566). IAHS Publication.
Nugraha, G. U., Gaol, K. L., Hartanto, P., & Bakti, H. (2020). Aquifer vulnerability: its protection and management—A case study in Pangkalpinang City, Indonesia. International Journal of Geophysics, 2020, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8887914 Article ID 8887914.
RIGW. (1980). The groundwater in the Nile Delta. In: A.M. Negm (Ed.), Research Institute for Ground Water, Interior Report, Cairo, vol 1. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94283-4
Saaty, T. L. (1980). Analytic heirarchy process. In Wiley StatsRef: Statistics reference online. Chichester: Wiley
Salem, S. E., Sefelnasr, A. M., & Hasan, S. S. (2019). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability for pollution using DRASTIC Index, young alluvial plain, Western Nile Delta, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12, 727. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4883-1
Secunda, S., Collin, M. L., & Melloul, A. J. (1998). Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite model combining DRASTIC with extensive agricultural land use in Israel’s Sharon Region. Journal of Environmental Management, 54(1), 39–57.
Şener, Ş, Şener, E., Nas, B., & Karagüzel, R. (2010). Combining AHP with GIS for landfill site selection: A case study in the Lake Beyşehir Catchment area (Konya, Turkey). Waste Management, 30(11), 2037–2046.
Umar, M., Khan, S. N., Arshad, A., et al. (2022). A modified approach to quantify aquifer vulnerability to pollution towards sustainable groundwater management in Irrigated Indus Basin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17882-9
Acknowledgements
The authors are gratefully thankful to research institute of groundwater of Egypt for availability of data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Metwally, M.I., Armanuos, A.M. & Zeidan, B.A. Comparative study for assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using DRASTIC methods applied to central Nile Delta, Egypt. Int J Energ Water Res 7, 175–190 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00198-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00198-w