Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Increased Rice Yield by Improving the Stay-green Traits and Related Physiological Metabolism under Long-term Warming in Cool Regions

  • Research
  • Published:
International Journal of Plant Production Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite global warming, the response of rice yield to long-term warming in cool regions and its physiological mechanisms remain unknown. This study used the widely cultivated japonica rice Jiyang100 in Northeast China. Taking rice grown under natural temperatures as a control (CK), field warming treatments were conducted at the tillering-panicle initiation (T1), whole growth (T2), and grain-filling (T3) stages. The positive effects of T1, T2, and T3 on the total number of spikelets per hole increased the yield in both years, with average increases of 11.5%, 9.9% and 6.5% compared to CK, respectively. Warming treatments improved the stay-green traits, photosynthesis, sucrose synthesis, and nitrogen metabolism of rice. The yield was positively correlated with the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), soluble sugar content, sucrose content, and the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) in flag leaves. In addition, SPAD had a positive correlation with soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, and the activities of NR, GS, GOGAT, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), but a negative correlation with acid invertase (AI) activity. The stay-green ability was positively correlated to the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), soluble sugar content and soluble protein content. The coupling interactions of stay-green traits, nitrogen and carbon metabolism increased the yield potential and yield supply capacity, increased yield under long-term warming conditions in the cool regions. Under gradual warming, the physiological response of rice in cool regions promotes plant growth and development, thereby increasing yield.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

SPAD:

Relative chlorophyll content

Pn :

Net photosynthetic rate

SPS:

Sucrose phosphate synthase

SS:

Sucrose synthase

AI:

Acid invertase

NR:

Nitrate reductase

GS:

Glutamine synthetase

GOGAT:

Glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase

GDH:

Glutamate dehydrogenase

References

  • Baron, A. C., Tobin, T. H., Wallsgrove, R. M., & Tobin, A. K. (1994). A metabolic control analysis of the glutamine Synthetase/Glutamate synthase cycle in isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chloroplasts. Plant Physiology, 105(1), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1104/PP.105.1.415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, C., Yin, X., He, S., Jiang, W., Si, C., Struik, P. C., Luo, W., Li, G., Xie, Y., & Ya, X. (2016). Responses of wheat and rice to factorial combinations of ambient and elevated CO2 and temperature in FACE experiments. Global Change Biology, 22(2), 856–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, W. G., Jiao, Q. C., Liu, Q., & Chen, L. (2002). Study on the mechanism of Color changes of Commassie Brilliant Blue G-250. Acta Chimica Sinica, 60(9), 1656–1661. https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0567-7351.2002.09.021.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Y. Y., Duan, Y., Yang, L. N., Wang, Z. Q., Zhou, S. C., & Yang, J. C. (2008). Effect of heat-stress during meiosis on grain yield of rice cultivars differing in heat-tolerance and its physiological mechanism. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 34(12), 2134–2142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-2780(09)60022-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, W. Z., Chen, J. L., Zhu, Y., Yang, B. H., & Shi, P. H. (2017). Effects of short-term high temperature on grain quality and starch granules of rice (Oryza sativa L.) at post-anthesis stage. Protoplasma, 254(2), 935–943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-016-1002-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, W. J., & Kuai, B. K. (2001). Chlorophyll degradation in plants. Plant Physiology Communication, 37(4), 336–339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Chen, C., Tian, Y. L., Zhang, X., Dong, W. J., Zhang, B., Zheng, C. Y., Deng, A. X., Song, Z. W., Peng, C. R., & Zhang, W. J. (2016). Differences in the impacts of nighttime warming on crop growth of rice-based cropping systems under field conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 82, 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.10.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, Y. Y., Wang, Y., Han, Y. L., Li, D. Y., Zhang, Z. K., Zhu, X. Q., Tan, J. F., & Wang, H. Z. (2019). The stimulatory effects of nanochitin whisker on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and on the enhancement of grain yield and crude protein of winter wheat. Molecule, 24(9), 1752–1752. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • China Meteorological Administration. (2021). Blue Book on Climate Change in China. Science.

  • Da Silva, D. L., Renato, P., Luis, D. M. T., da Silva, F. L., J. L. F., & Mattiuz, B. H. (2021). Silicon attenuates calcium deficiency in rocket plants by increasing the production of non-enzymatic antioxidants compounds. Scientia Horticulturae, 285(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2021.110169.

  • Dong, W. J., Chen, J., Zhang, B., Tian, Y. L., & Zhang, W. J. (2011). Responses of biomass growth and grain yield of midseason rice to the anticipated warming with FATI facility in East China. Field Crops Research, 123(3), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dou, Z. (2017). Effects of free-air warming during grainfilling stage on rice grain filling and quality and the reglation effects of nitrogen spikelet fertilizer Doctor’s thesis, Nanjing Agricultural University.

  • Du, J. J., & Chen, Z. W. (2010). A method for path analysis using SPSS linear regression. Biology Bulletin, 45(02), 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, L. Y., Lu, Y. Y., Bao, S. Y., Zhang, Q., Geng, Y. Q., & Shao, X. W. (2021). Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice cultivars affected by salt-alkaline stress. Crop and Pasture Science, 72(5), 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP20445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2021:The physical science basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.

  • Jiang, S. K., Wang, L., & Yang, X. (2021). Effect of increasing temperature in different growth stages on rice yield and quality in cold regions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 23(6), 10. https://doi.org/10.13304/j.nykjdb.2019.0983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P. A., Polisetty, R., & Abrol, Y. P. (1993). Interaction between Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism. Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2708-0_13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R., Harikrishna, Barman, D., Ghimire, Gurumurthy, S., Singh, P. K., Chinnusamy, V., Padaria, J. C., Ntamatungiro, S., Norman, R. J., Mcnew, R. W., & Wells, B. R. (1999). Comparison of plant measurements for estimating nitrogen accumulation and grain yield by flooded rice. Agronomy Journal, 91(4), 676–685. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.914676x.

  • Kumar, R., Harikrishna, Barman, D., Ghimire, Gurumurthy, S., Singh, P. K., Chinnusamy, V., Padaria, J. C., & Arora, A. (2022). Stay-green trait serves as yield stability attribute under combined heat and drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Plant Growth Regulation, 96(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10725-021-00758-W.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, H. M., Coschigano, K., Oliveira, T., Melo-Oliveira, I. C., R., & Coruzzi, G. M. (1996). The molecular-genetics of nitrogen assimilation into amino acids in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 47(1), 569–593. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langhansova, L., Pumprova, K., Haisel, D., Ekrt, L., Pavicic, A., Zajickova, M., Vanek, T., & Dvorakova, M. (2021). European ferns as rich sources of antioxidants in the human diet. Food Chemistry, 356, 129637–129637. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2021.129637.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lepeduš, H., Jakopec, M., Dunić, J. A., Krizmanić, G., Osmanović, S., & Cesar, V. (2017). Temperature-dependent chlorophyll accumulation and photosystem II assembly during etioplast to chloroplast transition in sunflower cotyledons. Acta Botanica Croatica, 76(1), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2016-0043.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y. Z., Huang, N. R., Huang, Q. M., Chen, Z. M., Liu, B., Liang, Z. Y., Qiu, R. H., & Zhang, X. (2000). A preliminary study on the changes of photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of different types of high-yield rice varieties in late season. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, (1), 3.

  • Liu, L. J., Weng, Y. N., Fang, J., Zhao, Z. J., & Du, S. T. (2022). Understanding the effect of GO on nitrogen assimilation in wheat through transcriptomics and metabolic process analysis. Chemosphere, 296, 134000–134000. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.134000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, K., Zhou, Y. Y., Zhang, Z. A., Chen, Q. Y., & Jing, N. (2022). Photosynthetic response and yield formation mechanisms of rice under warming at different growth stages in cool region. International Journal of Plant Production. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-022-00186-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nathawat, N. S., Kuhad, M. S., Goswami, C. L., Patel, A. L., & Kumar, R. (2005). Nitrogen-Metabolizing enzymes: Effect of Nitrogen sources and saline irrigation. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(6), 1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-200058911.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, F., Nie, L. X., Cui, K. H., Shah, T., Wu, W., Chen, C., Zhu, L. Y., Ali, F., Fahad, S., & Huang, J. L. (2014). Rice grain yield and component responses to near 2°C of warming. Field Crops Research, 157, 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.014.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahid, M. A., Balal, R. M., Khan, N., Zotarelli, L., Liu, G. D., Ghazanfar, M. U., Rathinasabapathi, B., Mattson, N. S., Martínez Nicolás, J. J., & Garcia-Sanchez, F. (2018). Ploidy level of citrus rootstocks affects the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the leaves of chromium-stressed Kinnow mandarin plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 149, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.02.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahid, M. A., Balal, R. M., Khan, N., Zotarelli, L., Liu, G. D., Sarkhosh, A., Fernández-Zapata, J. C., Martínez Nicolás, J. J., & Garcia-Sanchez, F. (2019). Selenium impedes cadmium and arsenic toxicity in potato by modulating carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 180, 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shu, S., Tang, Y. Y., Luo, J. Y., Sun, J., Yuan, Y. H., Zhong, M., & Guo, S. R. (2016). Effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on carbon assimilation and antioxidant metabolism of tomato leaves under sub-low temperatures and weak light stress. Plant Physiology Journal, 52(08), 1295–1304. https://doi.org/10.13592/j.cnki.ppj.2016.0262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, N., Mostofa, M. G., Rahman, M., Kumar, D. A., Mohammed, M. U. D., Rohman, M. M., Hafiz, H. R., Ansary, M. U., & Tran, L. S. P. (2021). Glutathione improves rice tolerance to submergence: Insights into its physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Journal of Biotechnology, 325(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.11.011.

  • Slewinski, T. L., Meeley, R., & Braun, D. M. (2010). Sucrose transporter1 functions in phloem loading in maize leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(3), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, J. N., Yang, J. L., & Jeong, B. R. (2022). Root GS and NADH-GDH play important roles in enhancing the ammonium tolerance in three bedding plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, F. (2019). Studies on enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism and the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in roots of soybean varieties released at different age Master’s thesis, Jilin Agricultural University.

  • Sun, Y., Xu, W. J., & Fan, A. L. (2006). Effects of salicylic acid on chlorophyll fluorescence and xanthophyll cycle in cucumber leaves under high temperature and strong light. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 17(3), 399–400.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, V., Vishal, B., Kohli, A., & Kumar, P. P. (2021). Systems-based rice improvement approaches for sustainable food and nutritional security. Plant Cell Reports, 40(11), 2021–2036. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00299-021-02790-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weichert, N., Saalbach, I., Weichert, H., Kohl, S., Erban, A., Kopka, J., Hause, B., Varshney, A., Sreenivasulu, N., Strickert, M., Kumlehn, J., Weschke, W., & Weber, H. (2010). Increasing sucrose uptake capacity of wheat grains stimulates storage protein synthesis. Plant Physiology, 152(2), 698–710. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.150854.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, M. W. (2002). Study on rapid determination of chlorophyll content of leaves. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11670-002-0022-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y. (2020). Effects of increasing temperature and density on dry matter, photosynthetic fluorescence and yield Master’s thesis, Shenyang Agricultural University.

  • Zhang, Z. L., & Qu, W. (2003). Plant physiology laboratory instruction. Higher Education Press.

  • Zhang, G. M., Wang, L. M., Wang, L. Z., Song, L. Q., Zhang, Y., Q., & Xu, L. M. (2000). The effect of low temperature on chlorophyll content and growth of maize at seedling stage. Heilongjiang Agricultural Science, 1, 10–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, X. Q., & Shi, W. M. (2006). Expression analysis of the glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase gene families in young rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Plant Science, 170(4), 748–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.11.006.

  • Zhen, F., Wang, W., Wang, H., liu, B., Zhu, Y., Liu, L., Cao, W., & Tang, L. (2019). Effects of short-term heat stress at booting stage on rice-grain quality. Crop and Pasture Science, 70(6). https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18260.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by an earmarked fund for the Jilin Provincial key research and development project (20230202009NC).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. JiLin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China

    Ke Ma, Yuanyuan Zhou & Taoren Zhang

  2. Tonghua Black Soil Protection and Monitoring Center, Tonghua, 134001, China

    Yao Ma

Authors
  1. Ke Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yuanyuan Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yao Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Taoren Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuanyuan Zhou.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ma, K., Zhou, Y., Ma, Y. et al. Increased Rice Yield by Improving the Stay-green Traits and Related Physiological Metabolism under Long-term Warming in Cool Regions. Int. J. Plant Prod. 18, 175–186 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-024-00284-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-024-00284-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation