Abstract
There is a great realization that a professor teaching an introductory or philosophical foundations course in the field of leisure studies comes to, if that professor may not be from the dominant culture of most Western societies. This realization is as stark as their numerical presence in their respective departments. Why are the philosophical foundations of the field devoid of the experiences, voices, and perspectives populations of colour, or even more broadly, the populations of the global majority? The objectives of this manuscript are: 1) to briefly categorize the research in the field on Race and ethnicity; 2) to outline the key canonical texts of the field; 3) to consider and reconceptualize a racially and ethnically inclusive foundation for the field utilizing W. E. B. Du Bois’ (1899) The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study as an example. Within the 520 pages of The Philadelphia Negro, the term leisure is mentioned 21 times. Recreation as a term is used 19 times; and, 4) to identify how the integration of The Philadelphia Negro could impact or realign the field’s history and master narratives and master concepts. What we are granted in leisure studies through the addition of The Philadelphia Negro as a foundational text is quite possibly the first sociological study, the first empirical study, the first large sample study, and the first mixed methods designed study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addams, J. (1909). The spirit of youth in the street. New York: Macmillan.
Alridge, D. P. (2007). Of Victorianism, civilizationism, and progressivism: the educational ideas of Anna Julia Cooper and W. E. B. Du Bois, 1892-1940. History of Education Quarterly, 47(4), 416–446.
Arai, S., & Kivel, B. D. (2009). Critical race theory and social justice perspectives on whiteness, difference(s) and (anti) racism: a fourth wave of race research in leisure studies. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4), 459–470.
Brightbill, C. K. (1961). Man and leisure: A philosophy of recreation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Burdsey, D., Thangaraj, S., & Dudrah, R. (2013). Playing through time and space: sport and south Asian diasporas. South Asian Popular Culture, 11(3), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746689.2013.820475.
Byrne, J., & Wolch, J. (2009). Nature, race, and parks: past research and future directions for geographic research. Progress in Human Geography, 33, 1–23.
Churchill, D., Crawford, A., & Barker, A. (2017). Thinking forward through the past: prospecting for urban order in (Victorian) public parks. Theoretical Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480617713986.
de Grazia, S. (1962). Of time, work, and leisure. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.
DeLuca, K., & Demo, A. (2001). Imagining nature and erasing class and race: Carleton Watkins, John Muir, and the construction of wilderness. Environmental History, 6(4), 541–560 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985254.
Dixon, T. F. (1905). The clansman: A historical romance of the Ku Klux Klan. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co..
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1899). The Philadelphia Negro: A social study. New York: Lippincott.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1968). The autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois: A soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century. New York: International Publishers.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1996a). The Philadelphia Negro: A social study. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1996b). The souls of black folk. New York: Penguin Books.
Dumazedier, J. (1967). Towards a society of leisure. Trans. by S. E. McLure. New York: Free Press.
Dunlap, R. (2010). What would Veblen wear? Leisure Sciences, 32(3), 95–97.
Engle, R. (1996). Shenandoah National Park – segregation/desegregation. Resource Management Newsletter. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/shen/historyculture/segregation.htm.
Erikson, B., Johnson, C. W., & Kivel, B. D. (2009). Rocky Mountain National Park: history and culture as factors in African-American park visitation. Journal of Leisure Research, 41, 529–545.
Floyd, M. F. (1995). Perceptions of discrimination in a recreation context. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(2), 192–199.
Floyd, M. F. (1998). Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 301(1), 3–22.
Floyd, M. F. (1999). Race, ethnicity and use of the National Park System. Social Science Research Review, 1(2), 1–23.
Floyd, M. F. (2007). Research on race and ethnicity in leisure: anticipating the fourth wave. Leisure/Loisir, 31(1), 245–254.
Floyd, M. F., & Gramann, J. H. (1993). Effects of acculturation and structural assimilation in resource-based recreation: the case of Mexican Americans. Journal of Leisure Research, 25, 6–21.
Floyd, M. F., & Johnson, C. Y. (2002). Coming to terms with environmental justice in outdoor recreation: a conceptual discussion with research implications. Leisure Sciences, 24(1), 59–77.
Floyd, M. F., & Mowatt, R. A. (2014). Leisure and African Americans: A historical overview. In M. Stodolska, M. Floyd, K. J. Shinew, & G. J. Walker (Eds.), Race, ethnicity, and leisure (pp. 53–74). Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Floyd, M. F., Bocarro, J. N., & Thompson, T. D. (2008). Research on race and ethnicity in leisure studies: a review of five major journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 1–22.
Girginov, V. (2017). The politics of leisure in totalitarian societies. In K. Spracklen, B. Lashua, E. Sharpe, & S. Swain (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of leisure theory (pp. 651–665). London: Palgrave.
Gobster, P. (2002). Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Leisure Sciences, 24(1), 143–159.
Gomez, E. (2002). The ethnicity of public recreation participation model. Leisure Studies, 24(2), 123–142.
Hall, S. (1990). Cultural studies: two paradigms. Media, Culture and Society, 2, 57–72.
Hall, S. (1997). Old and new identities, old and new ethnicities. In A. D. King (Ed.), Culture, globalization, and the world-system: Contemporary conditions for the representation of identity (pp. 41–48). Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
Henderson, K., & Ainsworth, B. (2001). Researching leisure and physical activity with women of color: issues and emerging questions. Leisure Sciences, 23, 21–34.
Hibbler, D. K., & Shinew, K. J. (2002). Interracial couples experience of leisure: a social construction of a racialized other. Journal of Leisure Research, 34, 135–156.
Holland, J. W. (2002). Black recreation: A historical perspective. Chicago: Burnham Inc., Publishers.
Huizinga, J. (1949). Homo Ludens: A study of the play-element in culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Hylton, K., & Long, J. (2016). Confronting ‘race’ and policy: how can you research something you say does not exist? Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 8(2), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2015.1115950.
Johnson, C. S. (1922). The Negro in Chicago: A study of race relations and a race riot. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Johnson, C., Bowker, J., English, D., & Worthen, D. (1998). Wildland recreation in the rural south: an examination of marginality and ethnicity theory. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(1), 101–120.
Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M., & Cordell, H. K. (2001). Outdoor recreation constraints: a examination of race, gender, and rural dwelling. Southern Rural Sociology, 17, 111–133.
Kaplan, M. (1960). Leisure in America: A social inquiry. New York: Wiley.
Katz, M., & Sugrue, T. J. (1998). W. E. B. Du Bois and the city: The Philadelphia Negro and its legacy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kivel, B. D. (2005). Examining racism, power and white hegemony in Stodolska's conditioned attitude model of individual discriminatory behavior. Leisure Sciences, 27, 21–27.
Law, I. (2010). Racism and ethnicity: Global debates, dilemmas, directions. London: Pearson Education.
Lee, J., Scott, D., & Floyd, M. F. (2001). Structural inequalities in outdoor recreation participation: a multiple hierarchical perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 33, 427–449.
Long, J., & Hylton, K. (2002). Shades of white: an examination of whiteness in sport. Leisure Studies, 21(1), 87–103.
Long, J., Hylton, K., Spracklen, K., Ratna, A., & Bailey, S. (2009). Systematic review of the literature on Black and minority ethnic communities in sport and physical recreation. Sports Equals and the Sports Councils by the Carnegie Research Institute. Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University.
Mahar, W. J. (1998). Behind the burnt cork mask: Early blackface minstrelsy and antebellum American popular culture. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Makopondo, R. (2006). Creating racially/ethnically inclusive partnerships in natural resource management and outdoor recreation: the challenges, issues, and strategies. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 24(1), 7–31.
Martin, D. C. (2004). Apartheid in the great outdoors: American advertising and the reproduction of a racialized outdoor leisure identity. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(4), 513–535.
McAvoy, L. (2002). American Indians, place meanings and the old/ new west. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(4), 383–396.
McDonald, M. G. (2009). Dialogues on whiteness, leisure, and (anti)racism. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 5–21.
McLeod, E. (2005). The original Amos ‘n’ Andy: Freeman Gosden, Charles Correll and the 1928–1943 radio serial. Jefferson: McFarland.
Moody-Turner, S. (2015). “Dear doctor du bois”: Anna Julia Cooper, W. E. B. Du Bois, and the gender politics of black publishing. MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U.S., 40(3), 47–68.
Mowatt, R. (2008). The king of the damned: reading lynching as leisure. Policy Futures in Education, 7(2), 185–199.
Mowatt, R. A. (2017). A people’s history of leisure studies: early 1700s to the late 1800s. Annals of Leisure Research, 20(4), 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2017.1357047.
Mueller, E., & Gurin, G. (1962). Participation in outdoor recreation behavior: Factors affecting demand among American adults. Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) study report 20. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Paccoud, A. (2016). Planning law, power, and practice: Haussmann in Paris (1853-1870). Planning Perspectives, 31(3), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2015.1089414.
Park, R. E. (1915). The city: suggestions for the investigation of behavior in the city environment. American Journal of Sociology, 20(4), 579–583.
Park, R. E. (1952). Human communities. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Phillipp, S. (2000). Race and the pursuit of happiness. Journal of Leisure Research, 32, 121–124.
Pieper, J. (1952). Leisure, the basis of culture. Trans. by G. Malsbary. London: Faber and Faber.
Pinkney, D. H. (1955). Napoleon III’s transformation of Paris: the origins and development of the idea. The Journal of Modern History, 27(2), 125–134 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1874987.
Rackham, H. (1926). Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. by H. Rackham. Boston: Harvard University Press.
Ratna, A. (2011). ‘Who wants to make aloo gobi when you can bend it like Beckham?’ British Asian females and their racialised experiences of gender and identity in women's football. Soccer & Society, 12(3), 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.568105.
Roberts, N. S., & Rodriguez, D. A. (2008). A mixed-method approach: examining constraints effecting ethnic minority visitor use of national parks. Ethnic Studies Review, 31(2), 35–70.
Rojek, C. (2000). Leisure and the rich today: Veblen’s thesis after a century. Leisure Studies, 19(2), 1–15.
Rojek, C. (2006). Leisure theory: Principles and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Scott, D. (2017). Why Veblen matters: The role of status seeking in contemporary leisure. In K. Spracklen, B. Lashua, E. Sharpe, & S. Swain (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of leisure theory (pp. 385–400). London: Palgrave.
Shinew, K., Stodolska, M., Floyd, M., Hibbler, D., Allison, M., Johnson, C., & Santos, C. (2006). Race and ethnicity in leisure behavior: Where have we been and where do we need to go? Leisure Sciences, 28, 403–408.
Shorey, P. (1930). Plato: Republic. Edited, translated, with notes and an introduction. London: W. Heinemann.
Solórzano, D. G., & Yasso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23–44.
Spracklen, K., Lashua, B., Sharpe, E., & Swain, S. (Eds.). (2017). The Palgrave handbook of leisure theory. London: Palgrave.
Stanley, C. A. (2007). When counter narratives meet master narratives in the journal editorial review process. Educational Researcher, 36(1), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X06298008.
Stodolska, M. (2000). Looking beyond the invisible: Can research on leisure of ethnic and racial minorities contribute to leisure theory? Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 156–160.
Stodolska, M. (2005). A conditioned attitude model of individual discriminatory behavior. Leisure Sciences, 27(1), 1–20.
Stodolska, M., & Walker, G. J. (2007). Ethnicity and leisure: historical development, current status, and future directions. Leisure/Loisir, 3(1), 3–26.
Stodolska, M., & Yi, J. (2003). Impacts of immigration on ethnic identity and leisure behavior of adolescent immigrants from Korea, Mexico and Poland. Journal of Leisure Research, 35, 49–79.
Stodolska, M., & Yi-Kook, I. (2005). Ethnicity, immigration, and constraints. In E. Jackson's (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 53–73). State College: Venture.
Veblen, T. (1898a). The instinct of workmanship and irksomeness of labor. American Journal of Sociology, 4(2), 187–201.
Veblen, T. (1898b). The beginnings of ownership. American Journal of Sociology, 4(3), 353–365.
Veblen, T. (1899). The barbarian status of women. American Journal of Sociology, 4(4), 503–514.
Veblen, T. (1953). [1899]. The theory of the leisure class: An economic study of institutions, the mentor edition. Introduction by C. W. Mills. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Washburne, R. (1978). Black underparticipation in wildland recreation: alternative explanations. Leisure Sciences, 1, 175–189.
Washburne, R.F. and Wall, P. (1980). Black-White ethnic differences in outdoor recreation (Res. Pap. INT-249). Ogden: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest.
Watson, B., & Ratna, A. (2011). Bollywood in the park: thinking intersectionally about public leisure space. Leisure/Loisir, 35(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2011.549198.
West, P. (1989). Urban regional parks and black minorities: subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area. Leisure Sciences, 11, 11–28.
Wilson, W. J., Early, G., Lewis, D. L., Anderson, E., Blackwell, J. E., Walters, R., & Stone, C. (1996). Du Bois’ The Philadelphia Negro: 100 years later. The Journal of Black in Higher Education, 11, 78–84.
Winter, P. L., Jeong, W. C., & Godbey, G. C. (2004). Outdoor recreation among Asian Americans: a case study of San Francisco Bay Area residents. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 22(3), 114–136.
Wolcott, V. W. (2012). Race, riots, and roller coasters: The struggle over segregated recreation in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
Yuen, F., & Pedlar, A. (2009). Leisure as a context for justice: experiences of ceremony for aboriginal women in prison. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4), 545–562.
Zuberi, T. (2004). W. E. B. Du Bois’s sociology: The Philadelphia Negro and social science. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 595, 146–156.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mowatt, R.A., Floyd, M.F. & Hylton, K. A People’s History of Leisure Studies: Old Knowledge, New Knowledge and The Philadelphia Negro as a Foundational Text. Int J Sociol Leis 1, 55–73 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-017-0004-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-017-0004-4