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Using Actigraphy and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) to Assess Sleep Quality and Sleep Arousal of Three App-Based Interventions: Sleep Music, Sleepcasts, and Guided Mindfulness

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Abstract

Reduced sleep quality is pronounced among the majority of the US population and is associated with decreased quality of life. The development of solutions that can aid in improving sleep quality is therefore imperative. This study examined the impact of 3 app-based interventions on physiological regulation of sleep arousal, sleep quality, and cognitive functioning using a within-subject crossover design. Participants (n = 40) were assigned to a randomized sequence of 3 active intervention conditions each with a duration of 1 week in which participants were instructed to listen to sleep music, sleepcasts, and guided mindfulness sessions for 15–45 min and a non-intervention control condition. Heart rate variability (HRV) and actigraphic measurements were collected continuously. Only the guided mindfulness intervention improved scores on the PSQI (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Inventory) from baseline to post-intervention. The actigraphy-based results showed increased sleep efficiency in the 3 active interventions compared to the non-intervention control. The HRV results showed that the 3 active interventions increased HRV during the pre-sleep period; however, only the guided mindfulness intervention increased the HRV during the sleep period compared to the non-intervention control. The results furthermore showed that the guided mindfulness intervention resulted in an increase in attentional vigilance during a cognitive task from pre- to post-intervention. Finally, a mediation analysis showed that the guided mindfulness condition had direct and indirect effects on the SART performance (Sustained Attention to Response Task), and the effect was partially mediated by HRV. These results provide support for the guided mindfulness intervention both during pre-sleep period and sleep period, and partial support for the sleep music and sleepcasts interventions restricted to the pre-sleep period. In addition, only guided mindfulness positively influenced HRV during the sleep period and showed an impact on cognitive functioning (i.e. SART performance) post-sleep.

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Data Availability

The dataset generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the national ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Funding

This study was funded by Headspace, Inc., Santa Monica, CA, USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark

    Ulrich Kirk

  2. Headspace, Inc, Santa Monica, CA, USA

    Christelle Ngnoumen, Alicia Clausel & Clare Kennedy Purvis

  3. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Christelle Ngnoumen

  4. Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Clare Kennedy Purvis

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Correspondence to Ulrich Kirk.

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The following authors CN, AC, and CKP are employed at Headspace Inc.

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Kirk, U., Ngnoumen, C., Clausel, A. et al. Using Actigraphy and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) to Assess Sleep Quality and Sleep Arousal of Three App-Based Interventions: Sleep Music, Sleepcasts, and Guided Mindfulness. J Cogn Enhanc 6, 216–231 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-021-00233-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-021-00233-4

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