Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Migration in propinquity with development: a spatial analysis of Kashmir Valley, India

  • Published:
Spatial Information Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Migration is the primary demographic process that shapes where people live and plays an essential role in how humans have changed over time. People migrate for various reasons, but the predicted economic disparity between industrialized and developing regions is a powerful motivator for people to relocate. As a result, migration has an impact on development, and development also affects migration. Because of the vast differences in development among India's regions, the future of population dynamics will rely more on migration than fertility and mortality processes. The present paper analyzes the spatial patterns of internal migration, variations in the level of development, and the propinquity between the two. Secondary data were used from the census of India, government reports, and research publications. Data were analysed using Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient and a t-test to test the observed correlation's significance. The results revealed a high positive correlation between internal migration and levels of development (r = 0.791). Out of thirty-three development variables, only sixteen have a higher significant relationship with internal migration, which mainly determines population characteristics, education facilities, employment opportunities, and infrastructural facilities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kusuma, Y. S., & Babu, B. V. (2018). Migration and health: A systematic review on health and health care of internal migrants in India. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33(4), 775–793. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Arapi-Gjini, A., Möllers, J., & Herzfeld, T. (2020). Measuring dynamic effects of remittances on poverty and inequality with evidence from Kosovo. Eastern European Economics, 58(4), 283–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sarker, M. N. I., Yang, B., Tingzhi, W., Chakrovorty, A., Salam, M. A., & Huda, N. (2020). Impacts of internal migration on poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, and Applied Sciences and Technologies, 11(11), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Massey, D. S. (2019). Economic development and international migration in comparative perspective. In Determinants of Emigration from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean (pp. 13–47). Routledge.

  5. Manning, P. (2012). Migration in world history. Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Sorensen, N. N., Van Hear, N., & Engber-Pedersen, P. (2003). Migration, development and conflict: State-of-the-art overview. In Migration-Development Nexus. Geneva IOM (pp. 5–50).

  7. Bastia, T. (2014). Intersectionality, migration and development. Progress in Development Studies, 14(3), 237–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. De Haas, H. (2012). The migration and development pendulum: A critical view on research and policy. International Migration, 50(3), 8–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Portes, A. (2007). Migration, development, and segmented assimilation: A conceptual review of the evidence. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610(1), 73–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang, Q. A., & Lucey, B. M. (2019). Globalisation, the mobility of skilled workers, and economic growth: Constructing a novel brain drain/gain index for European countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 10(4), 1620–1642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ingelaere, B., Christiaensen, L., De Weerdt, J., & Kanbur, R. (2018). Why secondary towns can be important for poverty reduction—A migrant perspective. World Development, 105, 273–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Iammarino, S., Rodriguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2019). Regional inequality in Europe: Evidence, theory and policy implications. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(2), 273–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. De Haas, H., Castles, S., & Miller, M. J. (2019). The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Bloomsbury Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Anthias, F. (2020). Metaphors of home: Gendering new migrations to southern Europe. In Gender and migration in Southern Europe (pp. 15–47). Routledge.

  15. De Haan, A., & de Haan, A. (2020). Migrants, livelihoods and rights: The relevance of migration in development policies.

  16. Pécoud, A. (2021). Philosophies of migration governance in a globalizing world. Globalizations, 18(1), 103–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Geiger, M., & Pécoud, A. (2013). Migration, development and the ‘migration and development nexus.’ Population, Space and Place, 19(4), 369–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. De Haas, H. (2021). A theory of migration: The aspirations-capabilities framework. Comparative Migration Studies, 9(1), 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lavenex, S., & Stucky, R. (2011). ‘Partnering’ for migration in EU external relations. In Multilayered migration governance. Routledge (pp. 136–162).

  20. Owusu, K. G. (2020). Migration and Development: Ghanaian Hometown Associations (HTAs) as Drivers of Welfare Development Back Home. University of Sheffield.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dao, T. H., Docquier, F., Parsons, C., & Peri, G. (2018). Migration and development: Dissecting the anatomy of the mobility transition. Journal of Development Economics, 132, 88–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ahmed, F. (2020). Does migration matter for household welfare in Bangladesh? Migr. Dev., 2020, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  23. De Haas, H. (2020). Paradoxes of migration and development. In Routledge Handbook of Migration and Development (pp. 17–31). Routledge.

  24. Raghuram, P. (2009). Which migration, what development? Unsettling the edifice of migration and development. Population, Space and Place, 15(2), 103–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Sriskandarajah, D. (2007). Migration and development: Managing mutual effects. Testing Global Interdependence: Issues on Trade, Aid, Migration and Development, 2007, 161.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Srivastava, R. (2020). Integrating migration and development policy in India: A case study of three Indian states. WP 03/2020, Cent. Employ. Stud. Work. Pap. Ser.

  27. Bhagat, R., Keshri, K., & Ansary, R. (2018). Internal migration in India: Intensity, flows and impact. Migration Letters, 15, 347–360.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Government of India. (2017). India on the Move and Churning: New Evidence. Economic Survey, 2016–17, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Choithani, C., van Duijne, R. J., & Nijman, J. (2021). Changing livelihoods at India’s rural–urban transition. World Development, 146, 105617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Dutta, A., Gandhi, S., & Green, R. K. (2022). Do urban regulations exacerbate rural-urban inequality? Evidence from rent control in India. SSRN Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4092501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Irudaya Rajan, S., Sivakumar, P., & Srinivasan, A. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and internal labour migration in India: A ‘crisis of mobility. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 63(4), 1021–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Tabassum, S., & Eapen, L. M. (2020). Nature of internal labor migration in India: Do education and digitalization matter? pp. 267–283.

  33. Kusuma, Y. S., & Babu, B. V. (2022). Internal migrants’ health in India. India Migration Report 2021: Migrants and Health

  34. Varma, G. R., & Sudhakar, G. (2018). Socio-economic and living conditions of internal migrant labour living in Visakhapatnam City, India. Populasi, 26(2), 18–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Jeelani, P., Shah, S. A., Dar, S. N., & Rashid, H. (2022). Sustainability constructs of mountain tourism development: the evaluation of stakeholders’ perception using SUS-TAS. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2022, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Husain, M. (2000). Systematic geography of Jammu and Kashmir. Rawat Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rashid, S., Rather, J. A., & Hajam, F. A. (2022). Functional fruit market centres: Their spatial distribution and hierarchical organization. Spatial Information Research, 2022, 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Khan, T. A. (2018). Spatial patterns and trends of internal migration in Kashmir: A study of rural-urban continuum. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research, 7(12), 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Batool, N., Shah, S. A., Dar, S. N., Skinder, S., & Jeelani, P. (2020). Impact of female literacy on infant mortality and maternal mortality in Kashmir valley: A district level analysis. GeoJournal, 85(6), 1545–1551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Turrey, A. A. (2019). Economic profile of in-migrant workers in Kashmir Valley. Indian Journal of Economics and Development, 7(11), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gupta, S. C., & Kapoor, V. K. (2020). Fundamentals of mathematical statistics. Sultan Chand & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gupta, S. (1982). Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalayan Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Thurstone, L. L. (1925). The fundamentals of statistics (Vol. 4). Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Kelley, T. L. (1947). Fundamentals of statistics. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sullivan, M. (2011). Fundamentals of statistics (Vol. 200). Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Emmanuel, A. (1972). Unequal exchange (Vol. 197(2)). New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Cingano, F. (2014). Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth. No 163, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers from OECD Publishing (pp. 5–59). https://doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjncwxv6j-en

  48. Gaur, S., & Rao, S. N. (2020). Poverty measurement in India: A status update. 1/2020. Ministry of Rural Development, 1(1), 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Mohiuddin, S., & Hashia, H. (2012). Regional socio-economic disparities in the Kashmir Valley (India)—A geographical approach. Bulletin of Geography, 18(18), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0021-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Shaheen, F. A., Wani, S. A., Baba, S. H., & Naqash, F. (2017). Disadvantaged mountain farmers of Gurez Valley in Kashmir: Issues of livelihood, vulnerability, externality and sustainability. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72(3), 456–474.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are highly thankful to the different concerned departments for providing the relevant data and information we needed. We are also grateful to the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) for providing financial assistance to the author (first author) under ID No. (RFD/2021-22/GEN/GEOG/289). And a special thanks to the Department of Geography and Disaster Management, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190006, India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography and Disaster Management, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

    Peer Jeelani, Farzana Ahad, Shamim Ahmad Shah, Huma Rashid & Nazia Bano

Authors
  1. Peer Jeelani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Farzana Ahad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shamim Ahmad Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Huma Rashid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nazia Bano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the Authors have participated in (a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of the data; (b) drafting the article and revising it critically for important intellectual content; and (c) approval of the final version. The Authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peer Jeelani.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jeelani, P., Ahad, F., Shah, S.A. et al. Migration in propinquity with development: a spatial analysis of Kashmir Valley, India. Spat. Inf. Res. 31, 409–418 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-023-00508-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41324-023-00508-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation