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An overview on cellulose-supported semiconductor photocatalysts for water purification

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Abstract

Metal oxides have been widely used in wastewater treatment, but due to their limitations there is a need of some modifications to make them an efficient photocatalyst. Many support materials are used to enhance the photocatalytic efficacy of many photocatalysts. Recently, cellulose nanomaterials have been utilized as green prototype for the preparation of metal or metal oxide nanomaterials and to improve their photocatalytic efficacy as it acts as a good adsorbent and support material. Cellulose fibers (macro and nano) have gathered the interest of scientific community due to its easy fabrication and some unique possessions. Through immobilization, photocatalysts can be used for the removal of pollutants by fixing the raw catalyst powder onto a support material. Physical adsorption and covalent binding on carrier substance are various strategies for immobilization. In composites, cellulose fibers (macro and nano) have been utilized as a driving force owing to its structural properties (presence of functional groups, i.e., carboxylic, hydroxyl, methoxy and phenolic groups) and hydrophilic nature which helps in increasing surface roughness in composites. The present review offers an outlook on metal oxides, their limitations, immobilization and support materials where cellulose performed as support (to enhance surface area), adsorbent, immobilized and functionalized material to minimize the limitation of metal oxides. The main focus of this review is on different role of cellulose materials which describes the fundamental properties of cellulose and its amendments by coupling with other metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, Ag and phosphates.

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reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032941084385) Ref. [82] Copyright (2016)

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reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032960671742) [82] Copyright (2020)

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reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032961023539) [140] Copyright (2018)

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reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032961315226) [141] Copyright (2019)

Fig. 9

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032970042442) [142] Copyright (2020)

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reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032970199166) [144] Copyright (2021)

Fig. 11

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032970199166) [144] Copyright (2021). SEM pictures of b cellulose, c TiO2, and d cellulose/TiO2 composite, reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5034070622117) [145] Copyright (2020)

Fig. 12

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032971178709) [149] Copyright (2021)

Fig. 13

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032971178709) [149] Copyright (2021)

Fig. 14

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032971178709) [149] Copyright (2021)

Fig. 15

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5095930330482) [152] Copyright (2021)

Fig. 16

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5032970942396) [153] Copyright (2014)

Fig. 17

reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5033760640581) [157] Copyright (2017)

Fig. 18

reproduced with permission from Springer nature (Open Access 2021) [158] (Licensed under CC BY 4.0)

Fig. 19

reproduced with permission from Walter de Gruyter-Open Chemistry (Open Access 2019) [159] (Licensed under CC BY 4.0)

Fig. 20

reproduced with permission from Walter de Royal Society of Chemistry (Open Access 2020) [131], (Licensed under CC BY 3.0). SEM micrographs displaying morphology of j nanocellulose (NC), k Ag3PO4 nanoparticles, l Ag3PO4/NC nanocomposites and m schematic diagram of photodegradation mechanism of azo dyes by Ag3PO4/NC nanocomposites under visible light irradiation. reproduced with permission from Elsevier (License no. 5095941256575) [164] Copyright (2019)

Fig. 21

reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society (Open Access 2021) [165] (Licensed under CC-BY and CC-BY-NC-ND). b Experimentally examined Raman spectra of 4-CP, HQ, and BQ (top panel), calculated Raman spectra of 4-CP, HQ, and BQ (middle panel) and calculated Raman spectra of HCP, HHQ, and HBQ using DFT (bottom panel). (b) Experimentally examined Raman spectrum (upper panel) and DFT-calculated Raman spectrum of quinhydrone (bottom panel), reproduced with permission from American Chemical Society [166] Copyright (2018)

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Abbreviations

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation processes

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CNCs:

Cellulose nanocrystals

CNFs:

Cellulose nanofibrils

CB:

Conduction band

DFT:

Density functional theory

ENPs:

Engineered nanoparticles

GQDs:

Graphene quantum dots

•OH:

Hydroxyl radical

MB:

Methylene blue

MCC:

Microcrystalline cellulose

MFC:

Microfibrillated cellulosed

NFC:

Nanofibrillated cellulose

PL:

Photoluminescence

OG:

Orange G

ROS:

Reactive organic species

RhB:

Rhodamine B

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SPR:

Surface plasmonic resonance

TOC:

Total organic carbon

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

VB:

Valence band

VOCs:

Volatile organic compounds

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173212, India

    Anchal Rana, Anita Sudhaik, Pankaj Raizada & Pardeep Singh

  2. Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan

  3. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan

  4. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    Quyet Van Le

  5. Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, India

    Archana Singh

  6. Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, 613401, India

    Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian

  7. Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 234, India

    Ashok Nadda

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Rana, A., Sudhaik, A., Raizada, P. et al. An overview on cellulose-supported semiconductor photocatalysts for water purification. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. 6, 40 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-021-00135-y

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