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Mechanistic Interaction of Microbe in Dye Degradation and the Role of Inherently Modified Organisms: a Review

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Abstract

Dyes color various materials, including leather, paper, cosmetics, and textiles. Wastewater contains different dyes that have negative impacts on humans and the environment. Dye-containing wastewater has been treated using several well-known procedures, including physicochemical and biological degradation. Interestingly, the breakdown of industrial dyes by fungus, yeast, and algae is considered an innovative treatment technology to control chemicals and secondary water pollution. The present review discusses the degradation of industrial dyes using a microbial community with a special focus on the microbial degradation mechanism of dye molecules. The influences of different parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, concentrations of dyes, soluble salts, the effects of CO2 and nitrogen, and dye structure) have been discussed to achieve optimal dye degradation potential of microbes. In addition, the role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the utilization of various enzymes in dyes biodegradation are also highlighted along with prospects. This review also critically sketches the most recent advancements and advanced bioreactors for dye degradation. It is anticipated that the treatment of industrial dyes using microbial community is an advanced technology to establish a pollution-free natural environment and successfully achieve one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for supporting the research with Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) the grant (FRGS/1/2022/STG04/USM/02/7) for the opportunity to carry out the research.

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This work is supported fundamental research grant (FRGS/1/2022/STG04/USM/02/7) provided by the government of Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India

    Anandita & Kashif Raees

  2. School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Mohammad Shahadat

  3. Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology IIT Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India

    Syed Wazed Ali

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All authors contributed to the studies based on fundamental proof of concept. Anandita and Kashif Raees performed data collection, analysis, and drafting of the manuscript under the supervision of Mohammad Shahadat and Syed Wazed Ali. Mohammad Shahadat finally edited the manuscript with the help of supporting references. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Anandita, Raees, K., Shahadat, M. et al. Mechanistic Interaction of Microbe in Dye Degradation and the Role of Inherently Modified Organisms: a Review. Water Conserv Sci Eng 8, 43 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-023-00219-7

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