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Materials Integrating Photochemical Upconversion

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Abstract

This review features recent experimental work focused on the preparation and characterization of materials that integrate photochemical upconversion derived from sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation, resulting in the conversion of low energy photons to higher energy light, thereby enabling numerous wavelength-shifting applications. Recent topical developments in upconversion include encapsulating or rigidifying fluid solutions to give them mechanical strength, adapting inert host materials to enable upconversion, and using photoactive materials that incorporate the sensitizer and/or the acceptor. The driving force behind translating photochemical upconversion from solution into hard and soft materials is the incorporation of upconversion into devices and other applications. At present, some of the most promising applications of upconversion materials include imaging and fluorescence microscopy, photoelectrochemical devices, water disinfection, and solar cell enhancement.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
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Fig. 4

Adapted from Ref. [13]

Fig. 5

Reprinted with permission from Duan P, Yanai N, Nagatomi H, Kimizuka N (2015) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137:1887–1894. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society

Fig. 6

Adapted from Ref. [20]

Fig. 7

Adapted from Ref. [27]

Fig. 8

Adapted from Ref. [28]

Fig. 9

Adapted from Ref. [38]

Fig. 10

Adapted from Ref. [39]

Fig. 11

Adapted from Ref. [40]

Fig. 12

Reprinted with permission from [41]. Copyright 2013 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers

Fig. 13

Reprinted with permission from Nattestad A, Cheng YY, MacQueen RW, Schulze TF, Thompson FW, Mozer AJ, Fückel B, Khoury T, Crossley MJ, Lips K, Wallace GG, Schmidt TW (2013) J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4:2073–2078. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society

Fig. 14

Adapted from Ref. [52]

Fig. 15

Reprinted with permission from Liu Q, Yin B, Yang T, Yang Y, Shen Z, Yao P, Li F (2013) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135:5029–5037. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society

Fig. 16

Adapted from Ref. [56]

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Acknowledgments

This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Award Number DE-SC0011979. Some of the work on solid-state upconversion performed in this laboratory was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-13-1-0106).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA

    Catherine E. McCusker & Felix N. Castellano

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  1. Catherine E. McCusker
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  2. Felix N. Castellano
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Correspondence to Felix N. Castellano.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection “Photoluminescent Materials and Electroluminescent Devices”; edited by Nicola Armaroli, Henk Bolink; please follow CAP workflow

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McCusker, C.E., Castellano, F.N. Materials Integrating Photochemical Upconversion. Top Curr Chem (Z) 374, 19 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-016-0021-7

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