Abstract
In this study, the changes in microstructure, hardness, corrosion and wear properties of Al-Mg with 3% Mg content and new type Al-Mg-Bi alloys with 1.3% Bi addition were investigated with the application of thermomechanical process on the aging heat treatment characteristics. As a result of the applied thermomechanical process, a finer grained structure was obtained and a higher hardness value was achieved compared to the casting alloys. Bright phases in SEM micrographs were detected as (rod-shaped) intermetallic (Al6Mn) particles in TEM analyses. Additionally, it was determined that the independent dark particles in the Al matrix were Mg2Si phases. Both alloys showed evidence of the Al3Mg2 phase. However, corrosion tests have shown that the Al-Mg-Bi1.3 alloys with the addition of bismuth have higher corrosion resistance than the Al-Mg alloys. The Al-Mg-Bi1.3 alloys also exhibited improved wear resistance in dry and corrosive wear tests. While the wear of the investigated alloys in a dry environment is associated with an improvement in hardness, wear resistance in corrosive media is improved by the addition of Bi, which reduces the formation of certain phases.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Che, X. Jiang, N. Qiao et al., Effects of Er/Sr/Cu additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloy during hot extrusion. J. Alloy. Compd. 708, 662–670 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.039
C. Zhang, C. Wang, R. Guo et al., Investigation of dynamic recrystallization and modeling of microstructure evolution of an Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy during high-temperature deformation. J. Alloy. Compd. 773, 59–70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.09.263
A.H.S. Rahiman, D.S.R. Smart, B. Wilson et al., Dry sliding wear analysis OF Al5083/CNT/Ni/MoB hybrid composite using DOE Taguchi method. Wear 460–461, 203471 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203471
N.J. Henry Holroyd, G.M. Scamans, environmental degradation of marine aluminum alloys—past, present, and future. Corrosion 72, 136–143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5006/1927
M.A. Wahid, A.N. Siddiquee, Z.A. Khan, Aluminum alloys in marine construction: characteristics, application, and problems from a fabrication viewpoint. Mar. Syst. Ocean Technol. 15, 70–80 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40868-019-00069-w
S.H. Ha, Y.O. Yoon, B.H. Kim et al., Oxide scale behavior and surface protection of Al-Mg alloys containing a trace of Ca. Int. J. Metalcast. 13, 121–129 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0234-3
M. Okayasu, S. Takeuchi, Mechanical properties of cast Al-Mg5 alloy produced by heated mold continuous casting. Int. J. Metalcast. 12, 298–306 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0163-6
J.R. Davis, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys (ASM International, Almere, 1993)
F.A. Fasoyinu, J.P. Thomson, D. Cousineau, J. Barry, M. Sahoo, Mechanical properties and metallography of Al-Mg alloy 535.0. AFS Trans. 111, 275–287 (2003)
G. Yi, B. Sun, J.D. Poplawsky et al., Investigation of pre-existing particles in Al 5083 alloys. J. Alloy. Compd. 740, 461–469 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.329
He, G. microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a heterogeneous structured Al-5083 Alloy. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2188243047/abstract/A8E3A316D75E4F3FPQ/1, (2018)
F.A. Fasoyinu, J.P. Thomson, D. Cousineau, J. Barry, M. Sahoo, Characterization of microstructures and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys 206.0 and 535.0 poured in metal molds. AFS Trans. 116, 265–280 (2008)
S. Lin, Z. Nie, H. Huang et al., Annealing behavior of a modified 5083 aluminum alloy. Mater. Des. 31, 1607–1612 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.09.004
H. Zhang, B. Zhang, Effects of Ag on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg Alloys, in Light Metals 2019. ed. by C. Chesonis (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2019), pp.493–497
X. She, X. Jiang, P. Wang et al., Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of 5083 aluminum alloy thick plate. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc China 30, 1780–1789 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65338-9
A. Rudra, M. Ashiq, J.K. Tiwari et al., Study of processing map and effect of hot rolling on mechanical properties of aluminum 5083 alloy. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 73, 1809–1826 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-02003-w
T. Radetić, M. Popović, E. Romhanji, Microstructure evolution of a modified AA5083 aluminum alloy during a multistage homogenization treatment. Mater. Charact. 65, 16–27 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2011.12.006
O. Engler, Z. Liu, K. Kuhnke, Impact of homogenization on particles in the Al–Mg–Mn alloy AA 5454 – experiment and simulation. J. Alloys Compd. 560, 111–122 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.01.163
R.M. Cleveland, A.K. Ghosh, J.R. Bradley, Comparison of superplastic behavior in two 5083 aluminum alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 1–2, 228–236 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00848-1
R.A. Sielski, Research needs in aluminum structure. Ships Offshore Struct. 3, 57–65 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/17445300701797111
T. Tokarski, Thermo-mechanical processing of rapidly solidified 5083 aluminium alloy - structure and mechanical properties. Arch. Metall. Mater. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0028
R. Verma, P.A. Friedman, A.K. Ghosh et al., Characterization of superplastic deformation behavior of a fine grain 5083 Al alloy sheet. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 27, 1889–1898 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02651938
S.S. Mirjavadi, M. Alipour, S. Emamian et al., Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporation to friction stir welded 5083 aluminum alloy on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance. J. Alloy. Compd. 712, 795–803 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.114
G. Phanikumar, P. Dutta, R. Galun et al., Microstructural evolution during remelting of laser surface alloyed hyper-monotectic Al-Bi alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 1–2, 91–102 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.071
A.P. Silva, J.E. Spinelli, N. Mangelinck Noël et al., Microstructural development during transient directional solidification of hypermonotectic Al-Bi alloys. Mater. Des. 31, 4584–4591 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.046
L. Ratke, J. Ågren, A. Ludwig et al., Lead-free bearing alloys for engine applications results of theESA-MAP project MONOPHAS. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 60, 103–111 (2007)
S. Li, D. Apelian, Hot tearing of aluminum alloys. Inter Metalcast. 5, 23–40 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355505
L. Bichler, A. Elsayed, K. Lee et al., Influence of mold and pouring temperatures on hot tearing susceptibility of AZ91D magnesium alloy. Int. J. Metalcast. 2, 43–54 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355421
ASTM G59-97: Standard test method for conducting potentiodynamic polarization resistance measurements, https://www.astm.org/g0059-97r20.html
ASTM G31-21: Standard guide for laboratory immersion corrosion testing of metals, https://www.astm.org/g0031-21.html
ASTM G190-15: Standard guide for developing and selecting wear tests (Withdrawn 2021), https://www.astm.org/g0190-15.html
V. Vikram Das, C. Prasad Mohanty, Tribological studies on aluminum alloys (2011)
R. Lal, R. Singh, R. Singari et al. Investigation of wear behavior of aluminium alloy and comparison with pure aluminium. in: Proceedings of International Conference of Advance Research and Innovation (2015)
A.J. Wittebrood, S. Kirkham, A. Bürger et al. Process for producing an extruded aluminum alloy tube product, https://patents.google.com/patent/DK2699382T3/en, (2017)
H. Wang, C. Li, J. Li et al., Effect of deformation and aging on properties of Al-4.1%Cu-1.4%Mg aluminum alloy. Int. Sch. Res. Not. 2013, e902970 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/902970
G.A. Andreev, T.S. Orlova, B.I. Smirnov, A difference between tension and compression in the density change of strained LiF crystals. Phys. Status Solidi (a) 69, 419–423 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210690143
Y. Zhu, D.A. Cullen, S. Kar et al., Evaluation of Al3Mg2 precipitates and Mn-rich phase in aluminum-magnesium alloy based on scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 43, 4933–4939 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1354-7
R. Goswami, R.L. Holtz, transmission electron microscopic investigations of grain boundary beta phase precipitation in Al 5083 Aged at 373 K (100 °C). Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 44, 1279–1289 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1166-9
Y.J. Li, W.Z. Zhang, K. Marthinsen, Precipitation crystallography of plate-shaped Al6(Mn, Fe) dispersoids in AA5182 alloy. Acta Mater. 17, 5963–5974 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.06.022
J.I. Lee, J.S. Shin, W.Y. Jung et al., Porcine islet adaptation to metabolic need of the monkeys in pig to monkey intraportal islet xenotransplantation: 1477. Transplantation 94, 100 (2012)
D. Singh, P.N. Rao, R. Jayaganthan, Effect of deformation temperature on mechanical properties of ultrafine grained Al-Mg alloys processed by rolling. Mater. Des. 50, 646–655 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.068
M. Warmuzek, G. Mrówka, J. Sieniawski, Influence of the heat treatment on the precipitation of the intermetallic phases in commercial AlMn1FeSi alloy. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 157–158, 624–632 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.07.125
B. Mazurkiewicz, The electrochemical behaviour of the Al8Mg5 intermetallic compound. Corros. Sci. 23, 687–696 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(83)90033-1
K. Medine, Effect of thermomechanic heat treatment on mechanical properties of 5083 quality alloy. Karabuk University, M. Sc. Thesis, (2021)
G. Meyer Rodenbeck, T. Hurd, A. Ball, On the abrasive-corrosive wear of aluminium alloys. Wear 154, 305–317 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90161-Z
Z. Szklarska Smialowska, Pitting corrosion of aluminum. Corros. Sci. 41, 1743–1767 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00012-8
M. Trueba, S.P. Trasatti, Study of Al alloy corrosion in neutral NaCl by the pitting scan technique. Mater. Chem. Phys. 121, 523–533 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.02.022
S. Chen, G.M. Li, W.S. Chang et al., The research of electrochemical behavior of alloy AA5083 in 3.5% NaCl solution. Adv. Mater. Res. 676, 80–84 (2013). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.676.80
R.H. Jones, D.R. Baer, M.J. Danielson et al., Role of Mg in the stress corrosion cracking of an Al–Mg alloy. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 32, 1699–1711 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-001-0148-0
A. Aballe, M. Bethencourt, F.J. Botana et al., Localized alkaline corrosion of alloy AA5083 in neutral 3.5% NaCl solution. Corros. Sci. 43, 1657–1674 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00166-9
N. Zazi, J.P. Chopart, A. Bouabdallah, Thermomechanical treatments effect on corrosion behaviour of aluminium–magnesium alloy AA5083-H321. Prot Met Phys Chem Surf. 51, 267–274 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205115020148
S.C. Kurnaz, H. Sevik, S. Açıkgöz et al., Influence of titanium and chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze cast Mg–6Al alloy. J. Alloy. Compd. 509, 3190–3196 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.12.055
M.S. Kaiser, S.H. Sabbir, M.S. Kabir et al., Study of mechanical and wear behaviour of hyper-eutectic Al–Si automotive alloy through Fe Ni and Cr addition. Mater. Res. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2017-1096
M. Elmadagli, T. Perry, A.T. Alpas, A parametric study of the relationship between microstructure and wear resistance of Al–Si alloys. Wear 262, 79–92 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.03.043
C.N. Panagopoulos, E.P. Georgiou, Wear behaviour of 5083 wrought aluminium alloy under free corrosion conditions. Tribol. – Mater., Surf. Interfaces 1, 161–164 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1179/175158408X276259
E. McCafferty, The electrode kinetics of pit initiation on aluminum. Corros. Sci. 37, 481–492 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(94)00150-5
E. McCafferty, Sequence of steps in the pitting of aluminum by chloride ions. Corros. Sci. 45, 1421–1438 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(02)00231-7
M.M. Khrushchev, M.A. Babichev, Resistance to Abrasive Wear and the Hardness of Metals (US Atomic Energy Commission, Technical Information Service, Oak ridge, 1953)
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Karabuk University with the project code FLY-2020-2261.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kılınç, M., Elen, L., Ahlatcı, H. et al. Investigation of A New Type of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy with Bismuth Additions Subjected to Thermomechanical Heat Treatment. Inter Metalcast 18, 649–666 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01059-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01059-w