Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is necessary to stimulate deep geothermal reservoirs. Compared with traditional hydraulic fracturing (THF), cyclic hydraulic fracturing (CHF) decreases the breakdown pressure (BP), generates a more complex crack network and reduces the induced seismicity; thus, it has attracted increasing attention. In this work, state-of-the-art studies on CHF are comprehensively reviewed for the first time. Six CHF cyclic loading schemes are clarified, and their stimulation results are discussed. It is difficult to assess which loading schemes are the most advantageous because the reservoir boundary conditions and properties of rock specimens vary. The effects of critical influential factors on the stimulation results of CHF are reviewed in detail. A higher confining pressure generally produces longer cracks, and a lower-viscosity fracturing fluid more easily connects micropores and widens cracks. The existing theoretical and numerical models of CHF, which are based mainly on fracture mechanics and damage mechanics, are summarized and discussed. Based on this comprehensive review, some aspects through which the failure mechanism of CHF can be further understood are suggested. This work can benefit the application of CHF to exploit deep geothermal resources.
Article Highlights
-
Six different cyclic hydraulic fracturing schemes are classified, and the corresponding stimulated effects are discussed.
-
The effects of the primary influencing factors on cyclic hydraulic fracturing are summarized.
-
Recommendations for further studying cyclic hydraulic fracturing are suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AE:
-
Acoustic emission
- BP:
-
Breakdown pressure
- CHF:
-
Cyclic hydraulic fracturing
- CPI:
-
Cyclic progressive injection
- CPP:
-
Cyclic pulse pressurization
- CPUC:
-
Controlled-pressure uniform cyclic injection
- CRUC:
-
Controlled-rate uniform cyclic injection
- EGS:
-
Enhanced geothermal system
- KGD:
-
Kristianovich-Geertsma-de Klerk model
- PKN:
-
Perkins-Kern-Nordgren model
- SPP:
-
Stepwise pulse pressurization
- THF:
-
Traditional hydraulic fracturing
- THMC:
-
Four-field coupling of temperature-hydrological-mechanical-chemical
- VSHTCI:
-
Variable stress holding time cyclic injection
- ∆G :
-
Amplitude of the strain energy (MN/m)
- ∆K :
-
Change in the stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- ∆t 1 :
-
Peak pressure holding time (s)
- ∆t 2 :
-
Valley pressure holding time (s)
- ∆σ:
-
Cyclic stress amplitude (MPa)
- a :
-
Fracture length (m)
- K c :
-
Critical stress intensity value (MPa·m0.5)
- K IC :
-
Stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- K max :
-
Maximum stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- K min :
-
Minimum stress intensity factor (MPa·m0.5)
- m and C :
-
Experimental fitting parameters (m/cy, MPa·m0.5)
- N :
-
Number of cycles –
- N d :
-
Number of limit cycles –
- R :
-
Loading ratio (1)
- U :
-
Elber constant (1)
- σupper limit :
-
Cyclic loading upper limit (MPa)
- σlower limit :
-
Cyclic unloading lower limit (MPa)
- σH :
-
Maximum horizontal principal stress (MPa)
- σh :
-
Minimum horizontal principal stress (MPa)
- σv :
-
Vertical principal stress (MPa)
- ω :
-
Microdamage variable (1)
- t d :
-
Stress holding time (s
References
Agrawal A, Sakhaee-Pour A (2017) Effects of cyclic fracturing on acoustic events and breakdown pressure. In: Proceedings of the 5th unconventional resources technology conference, July 2017. https://doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2017-2669677
Atkinson G, Assatourians K, Cheadle B, Greig W (2015) Ground motions from three recent earthquakes in western Alberta and Northeastern British Columbia and their implications for induced-seismicity Hazard in Eastern regions. Seismol Res Lett 86(3):1022–1031. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220140195
Baisch S, Weidler R, Voros R, Wyborn D, de Graaf L (2006) Induced seismicity during the stimulation of a geothermal HFR reservoir in the Cooper Basin. Australia B Seismol Soc Am 96(6):2242–2256. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050255
Blöcher G et al (2016) Hydraulic history and current state of the deep geothermal reservoir Groß Schönebeck. Geothermics 63:27–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.07.008
Chen J, Li X, Cao H, Huang L (2020) Experimental investigation of the influence of pulsating hydraulic fracturing on pre-existing fractures propagation in coal. J Petrol Sci Eng 189:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107040
Dahm T et al (2020) Full-waveform-based characterization of acoustic emission activity in a mine-scale experiment: a comparison of conventional and advanced hydraulic fracturing schemes. Geophys J Int 222(1):189–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa127
Diaz M, Jung SG, Zhuang L, Kim KY (2018a) Comparison of acoustic emission activity in conventional and cyclic hydraulic fracturing in cubic granite samples under tri-axial stress State. In: the 52nd U.S. Rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Seattle, Washington, June 2018, p 9
Diaz M et al. (2018b) Hydraulic, mechanical and seismic observations during hydraulic fracturing by cyclic injection on pocheon granite. In: The ISRM international symposium - 10th asian rock mechanics symposium, Singapore, Jan 2018, p 9
Diaz MB, Kim KY, Jung SG (2020) Effect of frequency during cyclic hydraulic fracturing and the process of fracture development in laboratory experiments. Int J Rock Mech Min 134:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104474
Dong Z, Tang S, Ranjith PG, Lang Y (2018) A theoretical model for hydraulic fracturing through a single radial perforation emanating from a borehole. Eng Fract Mech 196:28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.04.029
Ellsworth WL (2013) Injection-induced Earthquakes. Science 341(6142):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225942
Ellsworth WL, Giardini D, Townend J, Ge S, Shimamoto T (2019) Triggering of the Pohang, Korea, earthquake (Mw 5.5) by enhanced geothermal system stimulation. Seismol Res Lett 90(5):1844–1858. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190102
Fan Z, Eichhubl P, Newell P (2019) Basement fault reactivation by fluid injection into sedimentary reservoirs: Poroelastic effects. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 124(7):7354–7369. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jb017062
Fan Z, Parashar R (2019) Analytical solutions for a wellbore subjected to a non-isothermal fluid flux: implications for optimizing injection rates, fracture reactivation, and EGS hydraulic stimulation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(11):4715–4729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01867-9
Feng Y, Chen X, Xu XF (2014) Current status and potentials of enhanced geothermal system in China: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 33:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.074
Friberg PA, Besana-Ostman GM, Dricker I (2014) Characterization of an earthquake sequence triggered by hydraulic fracturing in harrison County. Ohio Seismol Res Lett 85(6):1295–1307. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220140127
Fu C, Liu N (2019) Waterless fluids in hydraulic fracturing – A review. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 67:214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2019.05.001
Geertsma J, De Klerk F (1969) A rapid method of predicting width and extent of hydraulically induced fractures. J Petroleum Technol 21(12):1571–1581
Goyal S, Curtis ME, Sondergeld CH, Rai CS (2020) A comparative study of monotonic and cyclic injection hydraulic fracturing in saturated tight rocks under triaxial stress. In: Proceedings of the 8th unconventional resources technology conference, Austin, Texas, USA, July 2020, pp 20–22. https://doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2020-2952
Hiroo K, Egill H (1992) A slow earthquake in the Santa Maria Basin. California B Seismol Soc Am 82(5):2087–2096
Hofmann H et al (2019) First field application of cyclic soft stimulation at the Pohang enhanced geothermal system site in Korea. Geophys J Int 217(2):926–949. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz058
Hofmann H et al. (2018) Comparison of cyclic and constant fluid injection in granitic rock at different scales. In: the 52nd US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Seattle, Washington, USA, June 2018, pp 17–20.
Holland AA (2013) Earthquakes triggered by hydraulic fracturing in south-central Oklahoma. B Seismol Soc Am 103(3):1784–1792. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120109
Hou P, Gao F, Gao Y, Yang Y, Cai C (2018) Changes in breakdown pressure and fracture morphology of sandstone induced by nitrogen gas fracturing with different pore pressure distributions. Int J Rock Mech Min 109:84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.06.006
Hou P, Gao F, Ju Y, Cheng H, Gao Y, Xue Y, Yang Y (2016) Changes in pore structure and permeability of low permeability coal under pulse gas fracturing. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 34:1017–1026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.08.015
Hu J, Sun Q, Pan X (2018) Variation of mechanical properties of granite after high-temperature treatment. Arab J Geosci 11(2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3395-8
Hu J, Xie H, Sun Q, Li C, Liu G (2021) Changes in the thermodynamic properties of alkaline granite after cyclic quenching following high temperature action. Int J Min Sci Techno. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2021.07.010
Ji Y, Zhuang L, Wu W, Hofmann H, Zang A, Zimmermann G (2021) Cyclic water injection potentially mitigates seismic risks by promoting slow and stable slip of a natural fracture in granite. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2021:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02438-7
Julie SE, Edward BC, Clifford LC (2019) Well stimulation seismicity in Oklahoma: cataloging earthquakes related to hydraulic fracturing. In: The SPE/AAPG/SEG Asia pacific unconventional resources technology conference, Brisbane, Australia, November 2019, pp 18–19.
Jung S, Diaz MB, Kim KY, Hofmann H, Zimmermann G (2021) Fatigue behavior of granite subjected to cyclic hydraulic fracturing and observations on pressure for fracture growth. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2021:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02383-5
Kim Y, He X, Ni S, Lim H, Park SC (2017) Earthquake source mechanism and rupture directivity of the 12 September 2016 Mw 5.5 Gyeongju, South Korea. Earthquake. B Seismol Soc Am 107(5):2525–2531. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170004
Lee K-K et al (2019) Managing injection-induced seismic risks. Science 364(6442):730–732. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1878
Lei X et al (2017) Fault reactivation and earthquakes with magnitudes of up to Mw4.7 induced by shale-gas hydraulic fracturing in Sichuan Basin. China. Sci Rep 7(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08557-y
Li L et al (2019) A review of the current status of induced seismicity monitoring for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs. Fuel 242:195–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.026
Li Q, Lin B, Zhai C, Ni G, Peng S, Sun C, Cheng Y (2013) Variable frequency of pulse hydraulic fracturing for improving permeability in coal seam. Int J Min Sci Techno 23(6):847–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2013.10.011
Liu Y et al (2020) Impact of pulsation frequency and pressure amplitude on the evolution of coal pore structures during gas fracturing. Fuel 268(15):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117324
Majer EL, Baria R, Stark M, Oates S, Bommer J, Smith B, Asanuma H (2007) Induced seismicity associated with enhanced geothermal systems. Geothermics 36(3):185–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2007.03.003
Marquis G, Socie D (1997) Crack propagation under cyclic hydraulic pressure loading. Int J Fatigue 19(7):543–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0142-1123(97)00071-6
McGarr A (2014) Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 119(2):1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010597
Meng Z, Lei J, Wang Y (2020) Evaluation of favorable areas for hydraulic fracturing of coal reservoir based on Griffith strength theory. J China Coal Soc 45(1):268–275. https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.YG19.1179
Nie X, Li X, Wang X (2006) General modification and application of the Paris Law for Fatigue Crack Propagation. Press Vess Technol 12:8–19. https://doi.org/1001-4837(2006)12-0008-08
Nordgren R (1972) Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture. Soc Petrol Eng J 12(04):306–314. https://doi.org/10.2118/3009-PA
Palmer ID, Carroll H Jr (1983) Three-dimensional hydraulic fracture propagation in the presence of stress variations. Soc Petrol Eng J 23(06):870–878. https://doi.org/10.2118/10849-PA
Paris P, Erdogan F (1963) A critical analysis of crack propagation laws. Txn Asme 85(4):528–533. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3656900
Patel S, Sondergeld C, Rai C (2016) Laboratory studies of cyclic injection hydraulic fracturing. In: SEG international exposition and 86th annual meeting, Dallas, TX, United states, October 2016, pp 3364–3368. https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2016-13969713.1
Patel SM, Sondergeld CH, Rai CS (2017) Laboratory studies of hydraulic fracturing by cyclic injection. Int J Rock Mech Min 95:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.03.008
Peña Castro AF et al (2020) Stress chatter via fluid flow and fault slip in a hydraulic fracturing-induced earthquake sequence in the montney formation. Geophys Res Lett, British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087254
Qin L, Zhai C, Xu J, Liu S, Zhong C, Yu G (2019) Evolution of the pore structure in coal subjected to freeze−thaw using liquid nitrogen to enhance coalbed methane extraction. J Petrol Sci Eng 175:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.037
Rubinstein JL, Ellsworth WL, McGarr A, Benz HM (2014) The 2001-present induced earthquake sequence in the Raton basin of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado. B Seismol Soc Am 104(5):2162–2181. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140009
Sakhaee-Pour A, Agrawal A (2018) Predicting breakdown pressure and breakdown cycle in cyclic fracturing. SPE Prod Oper 33(4):761–769. https://doi.org/10.2118/191137-pa
Settari A, Cleary MP (1984) Three-dimensional simulation of hydraulic fracturing. J Petrol Technol 36(07):1177–1190. https://doi.org/10.2118/10504-PA
Shan K, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Cheng Y, Yang Y (2021) Effect of fault distribution on hydraulic fracturing: Insights from the laboratory. Renew Energ 163:1817–1830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.083
Shang D et al (2018) Local asymmetric fracturing to construct complex fracture network in tight porous reservoirs during subsurface coal mining: an experimental study. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 59:343–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2018.09.005
Shen B, Stephansson OS, Rinne M (2014). Modell Rock Fract Process. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6904-5
Sheng M, Chu R, Ni S, Wang Y, Jiang L, Yang H (2020) Source parameters of three moderate size earthquakes in Weiyuan, China, and their relations to shale gas hydraulic fracturing. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019932
Sun C, Zheng H, David Liu W, Lu W (2020) Numerical investigation of complex fracture network creation by cyclic pumping. Eng Fract Mech 233(15):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107103
Tariq Z, Mahmoud M, Abdulraheem A, Al-Nakhli A, BaTaweel M (2020) An experimental study to reduce the breakdown pressure of the unconventional carbonate rock by cyclic injection of thermochemical fluids. J Petrol Sci Eng 187:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106859
Teng T, Gao F, Gao Y, Zhang Z (2017) Experimental study of micro-damage and fracturing characteristics on raw coal under cyclic pneumatic hydraulic loading. J CHNIA U Min Techno 46(2):306–311. https://doi.org/10.13247/j.cnki.jcumt.000650
Tiancheng L, Baoshan G, Yuzhong Y, Haifeng F, Yun X, Yunzhi L (2018) Laboratory study of hydraulic fracturing in cyclic injection. In: The 52nd U.S. rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Seattle, Washington, Aug 2018, p 7.
Tomac I, Sauter M (2018) A review on challenges in the assessment of geomechanical rock performance for deep geothermal reservoir development. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82:3972–3980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.076
Wang R, Gu YJ, Schultz R, Kim A, Atkinson G (2016) Source analysis of a potential hydraulic-fracturing-induced earthquake near Fox Creek. Alberta Geophys Res Lett 43(2):564–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066917
Xie H, Gao F, Ju Y, Xie L, Yang Y, Wang J (2016) Novel idea of the theory and application of 3D volume fracturing for stimulation of shale gas reservoirs. Chin Sci Bull 61(1):36–46
Xu D, Yuan X, Wu J, Fan L, Yang X, Tang Y, Zhang J (2019) Optimal design of cumulative shale gas hydraulic fracturing process based on rock fatigue damage theory. Integr Ferroelectr 200(1):99–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2019.1592625
Xu J, Zhai C, Qin L, Wu S, Sun Y, Dong R (2018) Characteristics of pores under the influence of cyclic cryogenic liquid carbon dioxide using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. Geofluids 2018:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1682125
Yoon CE, Huang Y, Ellsworth WL, Beroza GC (2017) Seismicity during the initial stages of the guy-greenbrier, Arkansas. Earthquake Sequence J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 122(11):9253–9274. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014946
Yoon JS, Zang A, Stephansson O (2014a) Numerical investigation on optimized stimulation of intact and naturally fractured deep geothermal reservoirs using hydro-mechanical coupled discrete particles joints model. Geothermics 52:165–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.01.009
Yoon JS, Zimmermann G, Zang A (2014b) Numerical investigation on stress shadowing in fluid injection-induced fracture propagation in naturally fractured geothermal reservoirs. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(4):1439–1454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0695-5
Yoon JS, Zimmermann G, Zang A (2015) Discrete element modeling of cyclic rate fluid injection at multiple locations in naturally fractured reservoirs. Int J Rock Mech Min 74:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.12.003
Yu L, Wu X, Hassan NMS, Wang Y, Ma W, Liu G (2020) Modified zipper fracturing in enhanced geothermal system reservoir and heat extraction optimization via orthogonal design. Renew Energ 161:373–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.06.143
Zang A, Stephansson O (2019) Special issue “Hydraulic Fracturing in Hard Rock.” Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(2):471–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-1740-1
Zang A, Stephansson O, Zimmermann G (2017) Keynote: fatigue hydraulic fracturing. Proc Eng 191:1126–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.287
Zang A et al. (2020) Concept of fatigue hydraulic fracturing and applications in hard rock predicted from laboratory and in situ experiments. In: 54th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Golden, Colorado, USA, July 2020, pp 1–9.
Zang A, Yoon JS, Stephansson O, Heidbach O (2013) Fatigue hydraulic fracturing by cyclic reservoir treatment enhances permeability and reduces induced seismicity. Geophys J Int 195(2):1282–1287. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt301
Zang A et al (2021) Relaxation damage control via fatigue-hydraulic fracturing in granitic rock as inferred from laboratory-, mine-, and field-scale experiments. Sci Rep 11(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86094-5
Zang A, Zimmermann G, Hofmann H, Stephansson O, Min K-B, Kim KY (2018) How to reduce fluid-injection-induced seismicity. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(2):475–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1467-4
Zhang C, Wang Y, Jiang T (2020) The propagation mechanism of an oblique straight crack in a rock sample and the effect of osmotic pressure under in-plane biaxial compression. Arab J Geosci 13(15):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05682-3
Zhang F, Ma G, Feng D (2019) Hydraulic fracturing simulation test and fracture propagation analysis of large-scale coal rock under true triaxial conditions. Rock Soil Mech 40(5):1890–1897. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2018.0041
Zhao X, Huang B, Xu J (2019) Experimental investigation on the characteristics of fractures initiation and propagation for gas fracturing by using air as fracturing fluid under true triaxial stresses. Fuel 236:1496–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.135
Zhi Z, Zhi Q, Jing M, Hang Z, Dongjin X (2017) Optimal design of shale gas hydraulic fracturing process based on fatigue damage theory. Flt Blk Oil Gas Field 24(05):705–708. https://doi.org/10.6056/dkyqt201705024
Zhou Z-L, Zhang G-Q, Dong H-R, Liu Z-B, Nie Y-X (2017) Creating a network of hydraulic fractures by cyclic pumping. Int J Rock Mech Min 97:52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.06.009
Zhou Z-L, Zhang G-Q, Xing Y-K, Fan Z-Y, Zhang X, Kasperczyk D (2018a) A laboratory study of multiple fracture initiation from perforation clusters by cyclic pumping. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(3):827–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1636-5
Zhou Z, Jin Y, Lu Y, Zhou B (2018) Present challenge and prospects of drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology for hot dry rock geothermal reservoir. Sci Sinica(Phy Mech Astron) 48(12):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1360/sspma2018-00184
Zhuang L et al (2020) Laboratory true triaxial hydraulic fracturing of granite under six fluid injection schemes and grain-scale fracture observations. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(10):4329–4344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02170-8
Zhuang L, Kim KY, Jung SG, Diaz M, Min K-B (2018) Effect of water infiltration, injection rate and anisotropy on hydraulic fracturing behavior of Granite. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(2):575–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1431-3
Zhuang L et al (2019) Cyclic hydraulic fracturing of pocheon granite cores and its impact on breakdown pressure, acoustic emission amplitudes and injectivity. Int J Rock Mech Min 122:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104065
Zhuang L et al. (2018b) Cyclic hydraulic fracturing of cubic granite samples under triaxial stress state with acoustic emission, injectivity and fracture measurements. In: the 52nd U.S. rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Seattle, Washington, USA, June 2018.
Zhuang L et al. (2018c) Cyclic hydraulic fracturing of cubic granite samples under triaxial stress state with acoustic emission, injectivity and fracture measurements. In: The 52nd U.S. rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Seattle, Washington, Aug 2018, pp 8.
Zhuang L et al. (2016) Laboratory study on cyclic hydraulic fracturing of pocheon granite in Korea. In: The 50th U.S. rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium, Houston, Texas, Jun 2016, pp 6.
Zhuang L et al. (2017) Laboratory evaluation of induced seismicity reduction and permeability enhancement effects of cyclic hydraulic fracturing. In: the 51st US rock mechanics / geomechanics symposium, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 2017, pp 2786–2792.
Zhuang L, Zang A (2021) Laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments on crystalline rock for geothermal purposes. Earth-Sci Rev 216:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103580
Zimmermann G, Moeck I, Blöcher G (2010) Cyclic waterfrac stimulation to develop an enhanced geothermal system (EGS)—conceptual design and experimental results. Geothermics 39(1):59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2009.10.003
Zimmermann G, Zang A, Stephansson O, Klee G, Semiková H (2018) Permeability enhancement and fracture development of hydraulic in situ experiments in the Äspö Hard rock laboratory. Sweden Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(2):495–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1499-9
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (No. 2019ZT08G315), National Natural Science Funding of China (Nos. 12172230, 51804203, U2013603, 51827901), and DOE Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Nos. DESE202102, DESE202108).
Funding
Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, No. 2019ZT08G315, Heping Xie; National Natural Science Funding of China, No. 12172230, Cunbao Li, No. 51804203, Cunbao Li, No. U2013603, Cunbao Li, No. 51827901, Cunbao Li; DOE Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, No. DESE202102, No. DESE202108, Cunbao Li
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, N., Xie, H., Hu, J. et al. A critical review of the experimental and theoretical research on cyclic hydraulic fracturing for geothermal reservoir stimulation. Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 8, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00309-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00309-7