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Unraveling Frequency Effects in Shape Memory Alloys: NiTi and FeMnAlNi

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Abstract

With the presence of internal interfaces such as the austenite–martensite interface and the internal twin boundaries in the martensite, shape memory alloys (SMAs) can be employed in passive/active damping applications. Due to the latent heat of transformation, a temperature rise/drop during a load/unload cycle is expected to dynamically couple with the mechanical response of the SMA and influence the stress levels of forward/reverse transformation and thus the hysteretic area (i.e. the dissipated energy). Additionally, the temperature change per cycle is a function of loading frequency due to momentary heat transfer effects. To this end, for the first time, we demonstrate a rate insensitive shape memory alloy system, Fe43.5Mn34Al15Ni7.5 which also exhibits near-zero temperature dependent stress–strain response. Contrastingly, we show that Ni50.8Ti, which is widely used commercially, is highly rate sensitive. With straightforward in situ experiments, complemented with thermomechanical modelling, we pinpoint the key material parameter which dictates frequency sensitivity. The corresponding results are then discussed in the light of different mechanisms contributing to the damping capacity of SMAs.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Science Foundation DMR Grant 1709515 Metallic Materials and Nanomaterials Program which is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank Prof. Yuri Chumlyakov of Tomsk State University, Russia for providing the single crystals. SEM and EBSD were carried out in part in the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory Central Research Facilities, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

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  1. Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    R. Sidharth, A. S. K. Mohammed & H. Sehitoglu

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    W. Abuzaid

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  1. R. Sidharth
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  2. A. S. K. Mohammed
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This article is part of a special topical focus in Shape Memory and Superelasticity on the Mechanics and Physics of Active Materials and Systems. This issue was organized by Dr. Theocharis Baxevanis, University of Houston; Dr. Dimitris Lagoudas, Texas A&M University; and Dr. Ibrahim Karaman, Texas A&M University.

Appendices

Appendix

Specific Damping Capacity, Sample Variability and Clausius-Clapeyron Slope

The specific damping capacity, which is the ratio of area under the hysteresis loop and the total applied strain energy, of FeMnAlNi and NiTi is shown in Fig. 9 below. Figure 10 depicts the stress strain curves of two different FeMnAlNi samples with near < 123 > orientation and different initial microstructure, note the variability in the stress–strain behavior and the specific damping capacity. Figure 11 depicts the stress strain curves of two different NiTi samples with < 011 > loading orientation and same initial microstructure having nearly the same specific damping capacity.

Variation of transformation stress with loading temperature for FeMnAlNi and NiTi are shown in Fig. 12. The data were collected from prior studies. Note the wide range of superelastic functionality for FeMnAlNi, all the way from −196 °C to at least 240 °C. The Clausius-Clapeyron slope ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 MPa/°C. The wide range of variability in the transformation stresses can be attributed to different ageing times resulting in different precipitate sizes. The FeMnAlNi shown in Fig. 12 were aged at 200 °C for 3 h [57], 24 h [59] and 10 h [89]. Whereas, for Ni50.8Ti with an ageing time of 1.5 h at 550 °C, the superelastic functionality is limited to a temperature range of about 0–90 °C [97]. The Clausius-Clapeyron slope ranges from 7 to 10 MPa/°C.

Fig. 9
figure 9

a Specific damping capacity vs loading frequency for NiTi and FeMnAlNi single crystals. b Schematic depicting stored elastic strain energy (W) and dissipated energy (ΔW)

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Fig. 10
figure 10

Stress–Strain behavior of two FeMnAlNi samples with near < 123 > orientation and different initial microstructure. Note the values of specific damping capacity. DIC insets depict only one dominant variant is active for both the samples. Just by visual inspection, AA’ seems to have higher initial martensite volume fraction

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Fig. 11
figure 11

Stress–Strain behavior of two NiTi samples with < 011 > loading orientation and similar initial microstructure

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Fig. 12
figure 12

Compressive transformation stress vs temperature for FeMnAlNi [57, 59, 89] and NiTi [96] single crystals

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Sidharth, R., Mohammed, A.S.K., Abuzaid, W. et al. Unraveling Frequency Effects in Shape Memory Alloys: NiTi and FeMnAlNi. Shap. Mem. Superelasticity 7, 235–249 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-021-00335-0

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