Abstract
Atmospheric humidity has an important role in the energy balance of the planet Earth, and it is effective in explaining climate change and consequently global warming, which has been a major topic of discussion among scientists in recent decades. Therefore, in this study, the maximum and minimum annual and seasonal trends of the relative humidity of 41 synoptic stations in the country during the statistical period of 1960–2019 were evaluated. Three statistical tests were used to analyze the data trend: the Mann–Kendall statistical test, Sen's slope estimator, and linear regression. In the study area, the maximum and minimum annual humidity trends were positive for 83.26% and negative for 17.73% of the stations, respectively. The highest increase in maximum and minimum humidity values, respectively, includes Chabahar in Southeast and Dezful in Southwest stations with a rate of + 2.55 and + 2.10 °C per decade. At the seasonal scale, the highest decrease in maximum and minimum humidity was identified in the summer at Tabas station in the central part of Iran. The highest number of stations with a decreasing or negative trend in the seasonal time series of maximum and minimum humidity occurred in winter with 37 stations. In contrast, most stations had a significant increasing or positive trend in winter and fall. Overall, the results showed that although the rate of decreasing trend of humidity for the study period was higher than the rate of an increasing trend of humidity, there was a similar decreasing trend in the studied variables.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aawar T, Khare D, Singh L (2019) Identification of the trend in precipitation and temperature over the Kabul River sub-basin: a case study of Afghanistan. Model Earth Syst Environ 5(4):1377–1394
Abu-Taleb AA, Alawneh AJ, Smadi MM (2007) Statistical analysis of recent changes in relative humidity in Jordan. Am J Environ Sci 3(2):75–77
Arora VK, Boer GJ (2001) Effects of simulated climate change on the hydrology of major river basins. J Geophys Res Atmos 106(D4):3335–3348
Baaghideh M, Dadashi-Roudbari A, Beiranvand F (2020) Analysis of precipitation variation in the northern strip of Iran. Model Earth Syst Environ 6(1):567–574
Elliott WP, Angell JK (1997) Variations of cloudiness, precipitable water, and relative humidity over the United States: 1973–1993. Geophys Res Lett 24(1):41–44
Eymen A, Köylü Ü (2019) Seasonal trend analysis and ARIMA modeling of relative humidity and wind speed time series around Yamula Dam. Meteorol Atmos Phys 131(3):601–612
Fallah GG, Asadi M, Dadashi AA (2016) Spatial analysis of humidity propagation over IRAN. Phys Geog Res 47(4):637–650
Feidas H, Noulopoulou C, Makrogiannis T, Bora-Senta E (2007) Trend analysis of precipitation time series in Greece and their relationship with circulation using surface and satellite data: 1955–2001. Theor Appl Climatol 87(1–4):155–177
Geremew GM, Mini S, Abegaz A (2020) Spatiotemporal variability and trends in rainfall extremes in Enebsie Sar Midir district, northwest Ethiopia. Model Earth Syst Environ 6(2):1177–1187
Gleick PH (1989) Climate change, hydrology, and water resources. Rev Geophys 27(3):329–344
Griggs DJ, Noguer M (2002) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Weather 57(8):267–269
Hulme M, Barrow EM, Arnell NW, Harrison PA, Johns TC, Downing TE (1999) Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability. Nature 397(6721):688–691
IRIMO (2019) Iranian meteorological office. Data Processing Center, Tehran
Jaagus J (2006) Climatic changes in Estonia during the second half of the 20th century in relationship with changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation. Theor Appl Climatol 83(1–4):77–88
Karami M, Asadi M (2017) The phenological stages of apple tree in the North Eastern of Iran. Comput Water Energ Environ Eng 6(03):269
Karimi M, Farajzadeh M (2011) Humidity and spatial temporal patterns of resources of humidification rainfall in Iran. J Appl Res Geogr Sci 19(22):109–127
Kendall MG (1975) Rank correlation measures. Charles Griffin, London
Kousari MR, Zarch MAA (2011) Minimum, maximum, and mean annual temperatures, relative humidity, and precipitation trends in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Arab J Geosci 4(5–6):907–914
Kousari MR, Ekhtesasi MR, Tazeh M, Saremi MA (2008) Investigation of the trend of changes in precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity in 26 synoptic stations of the country. J Res Construct 21(3):196–207
Kumar M, Denis DM, Suryavanshi S (2016) Long-term climatic trend analysis of Giridih district, Jharkhand (India) using statistical approach. Model Earth Syst Environ 2(3):116
Li Z, Yan Z, Zhu Y, Freychet N, Tett S (2020) Homogenized daily relative humidity series in China during 1960–2017. Adv Atmos Sci 37:318–327
Liu X, Xu Z, Yu R (2011) Trend of climate variability in China during the past decades. Climatic Change 109(3–4):503–516
Mann HB (1945) Non-parametric tests against trend. Econometrica 13:245–259
Masoodian S (2004) Temperature trends in Iran during the last half century. Geogr Dev Iranian J 2(3):89–106. https://doi.org/10.22111/gdij.2004.3831
McCarthy JJ, Canziani OF, Leary NA, Dokken DJ, White KS (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Vol. 2). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mitchell JM, Dzerdzeevskii B, Flohn H, Hofmeyr WL, Lamb HH, Rao KN, Walléen CC (1966) Climate change, WMO technical note no. 79, world meteorological Organization 79
Mohammad P, Goswami A (2019) Temperature and precipitation trend over 139 major Indian cities: an assessment over a century. Model Earth Syst Environ 5(4):1481–1493
Mohsin S, Lone MA (2021) Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration and identification of responsible factors in the Jhelum River Basin, Western Himalayas. Model Earth Syst Environ 7:523–535
Morel P (2001) Why GEWEX? The agenda for a global energy and water cycle research program. GEWEX News 11(1):7–11
Nair SC, Mirajkar AB (2021) Spatio–temporal rainfall trend anomalies in Vidarbha region using historic and predicted data: a case study. Model Earth Syst Environ 7:503–510
Nijssen B, O’Donnell GM, Hamlet AF, Lettenmaier DP (2001) Hydrologic sensitivity of global rivers to climate change. Climatic Change 50(1–2):143–175
Noshadi M, Ahani H (2015) Focus on relative humidity trend in Iran and its relationship with temperature changes during 1960–2005. Environ Dev Sustain 17(6):1451–1469
Nourani V, Mehr AD, Azad N (2018) Trend analysis of hydro-climatological variables in Urmia lake basin using hybrid wavelet Mann-Kendall and Şen tests. Environ Earth Sci 77(5):207
Omidvar K, Khosravi Y (2010) A study of changes in some climatic elements on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf using the Mann-Kendall test. J Geogr Environ Plann 21(38):21
Partal T, Kahya E (2006) Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data. Hydrolog Process 20(9):2011–2026
Salmi T, Maatta A, Anttila P, Airola TR, Amnell T (2002) Detecting trends of annual values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann-Kendall test and sen’s slope estimates: the excel template application makesens, Finnish Meteorological Institute. Publ Air Qual 31:1–35
Sen PK (1968) Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. J Am Stat Assoc 63(324):1379–1389
Serrano A, Mateos VL, Garcia JA (1999) Trend analysis of monthly precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula for the period 1921–1995 Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part B: Hydrology. Oceans Atmos 24(1–2):85–90
Sherwood SC, Ingram W, Tsushima Y, Satoh M, Roberts M, Vidale PL, O'Gorman PA (2010) Relative humidity changes in a warmer climate. J Geophys Res Atmos 115(D9):1–11
Singh P, Kumar V, Thomas T, Arora M (2008) Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India. Hydrolog Process Int J 22(16):2982–2992
Smith TM, Reynolds RW (2005) A global merged land–air–sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880–1997). J clim 18(12):2021–2036
Tabari H, Aghajanloo MB (2013) Temporal pattern of aridity index in Iran with considering precipitation and evapotranspiration trends. Int J Climatol 33(2):396–409
Tabari H, Marofi S (2011) Changes of pan evaporation in the west of Iran. Water Resour Manag 25(1):97–111
Tabari H, Marofi S, Aeini A, Talaee PH, Mohammadi K (2011a) Trend analysis of reference evapotranspiration in the western half of Iran. Agr Forest Meteorol 151(2):128–136
Tabari H, Marofi S, Ahmadi M (2011b) Long-term variations of water quality parameters in the Maroon River Iran. Environ Monit Assess 177(1–4):273–287
You Q, Min J, Lin H, Pepin N, Sillanpää M, Kang S (2015) Observed climatology and trend in relative humidity in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau. J Geophys Res 120(9):3610–3621
Zhang Q, Xu CY, Zhang Z, Chen YD (2009) Changes of temperature extremes for 1960–2004 in Far-West China. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 23(6):721–735
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Asadi, M., Karami, M. Modeling of relative humidity trends in Iran. Model. Earth Syst. Environ. 8, 1035–1045 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01093-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-021-01093-9