Abstract
Due to its possibility to create immersive learning experiences through simulated realism, virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool for educational purposes. A more user-friendly, realistic and affordable version of VR is 360° video, recording real-world footage with omnidirectional or multi-camera systems. 360° videos are slowly finding their way into educational research and practice, but a strong research basis is lacking. The current review describes the designs of educational 360° videos in existing empirical studies, and specifically searches for design guidelines for 360° videos. Browsing four databases, we compiled a dataset of 26 empirical educational studies on 360° video. The articles were carefully analysed focussing on two research questions: (1) How are 360° videos and 360° video lessons designed in empirical educational research on 360° video? and (2) What conclusions about the effectivity of the design of 360° video lessons can be drawn from empirical educational research on 360° video? Regarding RQ1, the studies in the dataset fit within three kinds of video content categories: environments, situations and demonstrations. We distinguished between videos with and without (interactive or non-interactive) add-ons. We found that 360° videos are most often used in higher education (healthcare and teacher education), have a duration of five to 15 min and are watched by means of head-mounted displays. Concerning RQ2, 360° videos are beneficial for the development of several dependent variables, such as mastery of learning content, attitudes, immersion and presence. Based on the reviewed papers we put up a list of design guidelines for educational 360° videos.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguayo, C., Cochrane, T., & Narayan, V. (2017). Key themes in mobile learning: Prospects for learner-generated learning through AR and VR. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 33(6), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.3671
Baric, D., Havârneanu, G. M., & Mairean, C. (2020). Attitudes of learner drivers toward safety at level crossings: Do they change after a 360° video-based educational intervention? Transportation Research Part F, 69, 335–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2020.01.018
Barreda-Angeles, M., Serra-Blasco, M., Trepat, E., Pereda-Baños, A., Pàmias, M., Palao, D., Goldberg, X., & Cardoner, N. (2021). Development and experimental validation of a dataset of 360◦-videos for facilitating school-based bullying prevention programs. Computers & Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104065
Bembenutty, H. (2011). Introduction: Self-regulation of learning in post-secondary education. In H. Bembenutty (Ed.), Self-regulated Learning (pp. 2–8). Jossey-Bass.
Boda, P. A., & Brown, B. (2020). Designing for relationality in virtual reality: Context-specific learning as a primer for content relevancy. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 29, 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09849-1
Brown, A., & Green, T. (2016). Virtual reality: Low-cost tools and resources for the classroom. Tech Trends, 60, 517–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0102-z
Buchman, S., & Henderson, D. (2019). Interprofessional empathy and communication competency development in healthcare professions’ curriculum through immersive virtual reality experiences. Journal of Interprofessional Education & Practice, 15, 127–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xjep.2019.03.010
Calvert, J., & Abadia, R. (2020). Impact of immersing university and high school students in educational linear narratives using virtual reality technology. Computers & Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104005
Chang, E., Kim, H. T., & Yoo, B. (2020). Virtual reality sickness: A review of causes and measurements. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36(17), 1658–1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1778351
Chi, M. T. H., Feltovich, P. J., & Glaser, R. (1979). Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cognitive Science, 5, 121–152. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2
Clark, R. E., Kirschner, P. A., & Sweller, J. (2012). Putting students on the path to learning: The case for fully guided instruction. American Educator, 36, 6–11. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ971752
Eiris, R., Gheisari, M., & Emaeili, B. (2020a). Desktop-based safety training using 360-degree panorama and static virtual reality techniques: A comparative experimental study. Automation in Construction. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102969
Eiris, R., Jain, A., Gheisari, M., & Wehle, A. (2020b). Safety immersive storytelling using narrated 360-degree panoramas: A fall hazard training within the electrical trade context. Safety Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104703
Ferdig, R. E., & Kosko, K. W. (2020). Implementing 360 video to increase immersion, perceptual capacity, and teacher noticing. TechTrends, 64, 849–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-020-00522-3
Feurstein, M. S. (2018). Towards an Integration of 360-Degree Video in Higher Education. Workflow, challenges and scenarios. Proceedings of DeLFI Workshops 2018 co-located with 16th e-Learning Conference of the German Computer Society (DeLFI 2018). Frankfurt, Germany. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2250/WS_VRAR_paper3.pdf
Fukuta, J., Gill, N., Rooney, R., Coombs, A., & Murphy, D. (2020). Use of 360° video for a virtual operating theatre orientation for medical students. Journal of Surgical Education, 78, 391–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.08.014
Gold, B., & Windscheid, J. (2020). Observing 360-degree classroom videos—effects of video type on presence, emotions, workload, classroom observations, and ratings of teaching quality. Computers & Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103960
Hallberg, S., Hirsto, L., & Kaasinen, J. (2020). Experiences and outcomes of craft skill learning with a 360° virtual learning environment and a head-mounted display. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04705
Hamilton, D., McKechnie, J., Edgerton, E., & Wilson, C. (2021). Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: A systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design. Journal of Computers in Education, 8(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-020-00169-2
Harrington, C. M., Kavanagh, D. O., Wright Ballester, G., Wright Ballester, A., Dicker, P., Traynor, O., Hill, A., & Tierney, S. (2017). 360° operative videos: A randomised cross-over study evaluating attentiveness and information retention. Journal of Surgical Education, 75, 993–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.10.010
Herault, R. C., Lincke, A., Milrad, M., Forsgärde, E., & Elmqvist, C. (2018). Using 360-degrees interactive videos in patient trauma treatment education: Design, development and evaluation aspects. Smart Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-018-0074-x
Hodgson, P., Lee, V. W. Y., Chan, J. C. S., Fong, A., Tang, C. S. Y., Chan, L., & Wong, C. (2019). Immersive virtual reality (IVR) in higher education: Development and implementation. In M. C. T. Dieck & T. Jung (Eds.), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: The Power of AR and VR for Business (pp. 161–173). Springer.
Jensen, L., & Konradsen, F. (2018). A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 1515–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9676-0
Kavanagh, S., Luxton-Reilly, A., Wüensche, B., & Plimmer, B. (2017). A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in Science & Technology Education, 10(2), 85–119. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1165633
Lazow, M. A., Real, F. J., Ollberding, N. J., Davis, D., Cruse, B., & Klein, M. D. (2018). Modernizing training on social determinants of health: A virtual neighborhood tour is noninferior to an in-person experience. Academic Pediatrics, 18(6), 720–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2018.04.007
Lee, S. H., Sergueeva, K., Catangui, M., & Kandaurova, M. (2017). Assessing Google Cardboard virtual reality as a content delivery system in business classrooms. Journal of Education for Business, 92(4), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2017.1308308
Luo, H., Li, G., Feng, Q., Yang, Y., & Zuo, M. (2021). Virtual reality in K-12 and higher education: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2019. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2021, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12538
Mayer, R. E. (2011). Applying the science of learning to multimedia instruction. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 55, 77–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-387691-1.00003-X
McKenzie, S., Rough, J., Spence, A., & Patterson, N. (2019). Virtually there: The potential, process and problems of using 360° video in the classroom. Issues in Informing. Science and Information Technology, 16, 211–219. https://doi.org/10.28945/4318
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
Nortvig, A.-M., Petersen, A. K., Helsinghof, H., & Braender, B. (2020). Digital expansions of physical learning spaces in practice-based subjects—blended learning in art and craft & design in teacher education. Computers & Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104020
Paalimäki-Paakki, K., Virtanen, M., Henner, A., Nieminen, M. T., & Kääriäinen, M. (2020). Patients’, radiographers’ and radiography students’ experiences of 360° virtual counselling environment for the coronary computed tomography angiography: A qualitative study. Radiography, 27(2), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2020.09.019
Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Capideville, C. S., Preziosa, A., Morganti, F., Villani, D., Gaggioli, A., Botella, C., & Alcañiz, M. (2007). Affective interactions using virtual reality: The link between presence and emotions. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9993
Ros, M., Debien, B., Cyteval, C., Molinari, N., Gatto, F., & Lonjon, N. (2020). Applying an immersive tutorial in virtual reality to learning a new technique. Neuro-Chirurgie, 66, 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuchi.2020.05.006
Rupp, M. A., Odette, K. L., Kozachuk, J., Michaelis, J. R., Smither, J. A., & McConnell, D. S. (2019). Investigating learning outcomes and subjective experiences in 360-degree videos. Computers & Education, 128, 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.015
Scargle, J. D. (1999). Publication bias (the ‘file-drawer problem’) in scientific inference. Proceedings of the Sturrock Symposium, Stanford University, March 1999.
Shephard, K. (2003). Questioning, promoting and evaluating the use of streaming video to support student learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 34(3), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00328
Slater, M., Lotto, B., Arnold, M. M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2009). How we experience immersive virtual environments: The concept of presence and its measurement. Anuario De Psicologia, 40(2), 193–210.
Snelson, C., & Hsu, Y.-C. (2020). Educational 360-degree videos in virtual reality: A scoping review of the emerging research. TechTrends, 64, 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-004774-3
Theelen, H., van den Beemt, A., & den Brok, P. (2020). Developing preservice teachers’ interpersonal knowledge with 360-degree videos in teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102992
Violante, M. G., Vezzetti, E., & Piazzolla, P. (2019). Interactive virtual technologies in engineering education: Why not 360° videos? International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing, 13, 729–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-019-00553-y
Walshe, N., & Driver, P. (2019). Developing reflective trainee teacher practice with 360-degree video. Teaching and Teacher Education, 78, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.11.009
Yoganathan, S., Finch, D. A., Parking, E., & Pollard, J. (2018). 360° virtual reality video for the acquisition of knot tying skills: A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Surgery, 54, 24–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.04.002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Evens, M., Empsen, M. & Hustinx, W. A literature review on 360-degree video as an educational tool: towards design guidelines. J. Comput. Educ. 10, 325–375 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-022-00233-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-022-00233-z