Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Dermatomyositis: Autoantibodies and Their Corresponding Phenotypes

  • Other CTD: Inflammatory Myopathies and Sjogren's (P Basharat, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Rheumatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Opinion statement

Purpose of Review In dermatomyositis (DM), antibodies have been shown to closely correlate with clinical phenotypes. The focus of this review is to describe the known clinical associations of the different antibodies related to DM.

Recent Findings The DM-specific antibodies include anti-Mi-2, anti-NXP2, anti-TIF1-gamma, anti-MDA5, and anti-SAE. They present with varying levels of skin, muscle, and other target organ involvement. The anti-synthetase antibodies can present as DM, but define a distinct subset displaying other features known as the anti-synthetase syndrome. Anti-PM/Scl, anti-Ro, anti-RNP, and anti-Ku are myositis-associated antibodies that can present as DM as well as other overlap syndromes.

Summary More homogenous subgroups are created by viewing DM through the filter of antibodies. The demonstration of one of these antibodies in a patient suspected of having DM is valuable for informing the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease. As antibody testing becomes more widely available, we expect even better characterization of disease and treatment response based on antibody groups to emerge in the coming years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Dalakas MC, Hohlfeld R. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Lancet. 2003;362:971–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:344–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:403–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoogendijk JE, Amato AA, Lecky BR, Choy EH, Lundberg IE, Rose MR, et al. 119th ENMC international workshop: trial design in adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, with the exception of inclusion body myositis, 10–12 October 2003, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord. 2004;14:337–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kissel JT, Mendell JR, Rammohan KW. Microvascular deposition of complement membrane attack complex in dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:329–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Brouwer R, Hengstman GJ, Vree Egberts W, Ehrfeld H, Bozic B, Ghirardello A, et al. Autoantibody profiles in the sera of European patients with myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:116–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. • Gunawardena H, Betteridge ZE, McHugh NJ. Myositis-specific autoantibodies: their clinical and pathogenic significance in disease expression. Rheumatology. 2009;48:607–12. This review highlights the clinical utility and pathogenic significance of myositis-specific antibodies in disease expression.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hamaguchi Y, Kuwana M, Hoshino K, Hasegawa M, Kaji K, Matsushita T, et al. Clinical correlations with dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies in adult Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:391–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Merlo G, Clapasson A, Cozzani E, Sanna L, Pesce G, Bagnasco M, et al. Specific autoantibodies in dermatomyositis: a helpful tool to classify different clinical subsets. Arch Dermatol Res. 2017;309:87–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. •• Betteridge Z, McHugh N. Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis. J Intern Med. 2016;280:8–23. This review highlights the clinical utility of antibodies as both diagnostic and prognostic markers of disease.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, McHugh NJ. The diagnostic utility of autoantibodies in adult and juvenile myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:772–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ghirardello A, Borella E, Beggio M, Franceschini F, Fredi M, Doria A. Myositis autoantibodies and clinical phenotypes. Auto- Immun Highlights. 2014;5:69–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Yoshifuji H. Biomarkers and autoantibodies of interstitial lung disease with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med. 2016;9:141–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Targoff IN, Reichlin M. The association between Mi-2 antibodies and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1985;28:796–803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. • Daly ML, Gordon PA, Creamer D. Cutaneous features of dermatomyositis associated with myositis-specific antibodies. Br J Dermatol. 2016;176:1662–5. This paper described the associations between specific dermatologic manifestations and dermatomyositis antibodies.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Aggarwal R, Cassidy E, Fertig N, Koontz DC, Lucas M, Ascherman DP, et al. Patients with non-Jo-1 anti-tRNA-synthetase autoantibodies have worse survival than Jo-1 positive patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:227–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pinal-Fernandez I, Casciola-Rosen LA, Christopher-Stine L, Corse AM, Mammen AL. The prevalence of individual histopathologic features varies according to autoantibody status in muscle biopsies from patients with dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol. 2015;42:1448–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Iaccarino L, Tarricone E, Bendo R, Gambari PF, et al. Anti-Mi-2 antibodies. Autoimmunity. 2005;38:79–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Komura K, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Kaji K, Kondo M, Hirano T, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of anti-Mi-2 antibodies in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis. J Dermatol Sci. 2005;40:215–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Madan V, Chinoy H, Griffiths CEM, Cooper RG. Defining cancer-risk, and assessing diagnostic usefulness of myositis serology, in dermatomyositis—Part 2. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:561–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Ichimura Y, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Kaji K, Hasegawa M, Tanino Y, et al. Anti-NXP2 autoantibodies in adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: possible association with malignancy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:710–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ceribelli A, Fredi M, Taraborelli M, Cavazzana I, Franceschini F, Quinzanini M, et al. Anti-MJ/NXP-2 autoantibody specificity in a cohort of adult Italian patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Oddis CV, Fertig N, Goel A, Espada G, Confalone Gregorian M, Maldonado Cocco JA. Clinical and serological characterization of the anti-MJ antibody in childhood myositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:S139.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Espada G, Maldonado Cocco JA, Fertig N, Oddis CV. Clinical and serologic characterization of an Argentine pediatric myositis cohort: identification of a novel autoantibody (anti-MJ) to a 142-kDa protein. J Rheumatol. 2009;36:2547–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, Shaddick G, Gunawardena H, Arnold K, Wedderburn LR, et al. Calcinosis in juvenile dermatomyositis is influenced by both anti-NXP2 autoantibody status and age at disease onset. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2014;53:2204–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Albayda J, Pinal-Fernandez I, Huang W, Parks C, Paik J, Casciola-Rosen L, et al. Dermatomyositis patients with anti-nuclear matrix protein-2 autoantibodies have more edema, more severe muscle disease, and increased malignancy risk. Arthritis Care Res. 2017 [cited 2017 May 6]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23188/full.

  27. Rogers A, Chung L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L, Fiorentino DF. The cutaneous and systemic findings associated with nuclear matrix protein-2 antibodies in adult dermatomyositis patients. Arthritis Care Res. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23210.

  28. Fujimoto M, Hamaguchi Y, Kaji K, Matsushita T, Ichimura Y, Kodera M, et al. Myositis-specific anti-155/140 autoantibodies target transcription intermediary factor 1 family proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:513–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Fiorentino DF, Chung LS, Christopher-Stine L, Zaba L, Li S, Mammen AL, et al. Most patients with cancer-associated dermatomyositis have antibodies to nuclear matrix protein NXP-2 or transcription intermediary factor 1γ. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2954–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M, Suwa A, Inada S, Mimori T, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1571–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Cutaneous manifestations in dermatomyositis: key clinical and serological features—a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;51:293–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Nakashima R, Hosono Y, Mimori T. Clinical significance and new detection system of autoantibodies in myositis with interstitial lung disease. Lupus. 2016;25:925–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Moghadam-Kia S, Oddis CV, Sato S, Kuwana M, Aggarwal R. Antimelanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody: expanding the clinical spectrum in North American patients with dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol. 2017;44:319–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hoshino K, Muro Y, Sugiura K, Tomita Y, Nakashima R, Mimori T. Anti-MDA5 and anti-TIF1-γ antibodies have clinical significance for patients with dermatomyositis. Rheumatology. 2010;49:1726–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Targoff IN, Mamyrova G, Trieu EP, Perurena O, Koneru B, O’Hanlon TP, et al. A novel autoantibody to a 155-kd protein is associated with dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3682–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Fujikawa K, Kawakami A, Kaji K, Fujimoto M, Kawashiri S, Iwamoto N, et al. Association of distinct clinical subsets with myositis-specific autoantibodies towards anti-155/140-kDa polypeptides, anti-140-kDa polypeptides, and anti-aminoacyl tRNA synthetases in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: a single-centre, cross-sectional study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2009;38:263–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Satoh M, Tanaka S, Ceribelli A, Calise SJ, Chan EKL. A comprehensive overview on myositis-specific antibodies: new and old biomarkers in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017;52:1–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gunawardena H, Wedderburn LR, Chinoy H, Betteridge ZE, North J, Ollier WER, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd protein in juvenile dermatomyositis are associated with calcinosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1807–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Fiorentino DF, Kuo K, Chung L, Zaba L, Li S, Casciola-Rosen L. Distinctive cutaneous and systemic features associated with antitranscriptional intermediary factor-1γ antibodies in adults with dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:449–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, Chinoy H, North J, Ollier WER, Cooper RG, et al. Clinical and human leucocyte antigen class II haplotype associations of autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier enzyme, a dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen target, in UK Caucasian adult-onset myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1621–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Kaji K, Asano Y, Ogawa F, et al. Autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzymes in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: comparison with a UK Caucasian cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:151–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Muro Y, Sugiura K, Nara M, Sakamoto I, Suzuki N, Akiyama M. High incidence of cancer in anti-small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme antibody-positive dermatomyositis. Rheumatology. 2015;54:1745–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ge Y, Lu X, Shu X, Peng Q, Wang G. Clinical characteristics of anti-SAE antibodies in Chinese patients with dermatomyositis in comparison with different patient cohorts. Sci Rep. 2017;7:188.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Tarricone E, Ghirardello A, Rampudda M, Bassi N, Punzi L, Doria A. Anti-SAE antibodies in autoimmune myositis: identification by unlabelled protein immunoprecipitation in an Italian patient cohort. J Immunol Methods. 2012;384:128–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bodoki L, Nagy-Vincze M, Griger Z, Betteridge Z, Szöllősi L, Dankó K. Four dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies-anti-TIF1γ, anti-NXP2, anti-SAE and anti-MDA5-in adult and juvenile patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in a Hungarian cohort. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:1211–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Nishikai M, Reichlin M. Heterogeneity of precipitating antibodies in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Characterization of the Jo-1 antibody system. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23:881–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mimori T. Clinical significance of anti-Ku autoantibodies—a serologic marker of overlap syndrome? Intern Med Tokyo Jpn. 2002;41:1096–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hervier B, Benveniste O. Clinical heterogeneity and outcomes of antisynthetase syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mirrakhimov AE. Antisynthetase syndrome: a review of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Curr Med Chem. 2015;22:1963–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pinal-Fernandez I, Casal-Dominguez M, Huapaya JA, Albayda J, Paik JJ, Johnson C, et al. A longitudinal cohort study of the anti-synthetase syndrome: increased severity of interstitial lung disease in black patients and patients with anti-PL7 and anti-PL12 autoantibodies. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2017;56:999–1007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Bartoloni E, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Scirè C, Castaneda S, Gerli R, Lopez-Longo FJ, et al. Clinical follow-up predictors of disease pattern change in anti-Jo1 positive anti-synthetase syndrome: results from a multicenter, international and retrospective study. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16:253–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Marie I, Josse S, Decaux O, Dominique S, Diot E, Landron C, et al. Comparison of long-term outcome between anti-Jo1- and anti-PL7/PL12 positive patients with antisynthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11:739–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Troyanov Y, Targoff IN, Tremblay J-L, Goulet J-R, Raymond Y, Senécal J-L. Novel classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies based on overlap syndrome features and autoantibodies: analysis of 100 French Canadian patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:231–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Cruellas MGP, dos Santos Trindade Viana V, Levy-Neto M, de Souza FHC, Shinjo SK. Myositis-specific and myositis-associated autoantibody profiles and their clinical associations in a large series of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clinics. 2013;68:909–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Cox JT, Gullotti DM, Mecoli CA, Lahouti AH, Albayda J, Paik J, et al. “Hiker’s feet”: a novel cutaneous finding in the inflammatory myopathies. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36:1683–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Marie I, Hatron PY, Dominique S, Cherin P, Mouthon L, Menard J-F, et al. Short-term and long-term outcome of anti-Jo1-positive patients with anti-Ro52 antibody. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41:890–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Chinoy H, Fertig N, Oddis CV, Ollier WER, Cooper RG. The diagnostic utility of myositis autoantibody testing for predicting the risk of cancer-associated myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:1345–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Mahler M, Raijmakers R. Novel aspects of autoantibodies to the PM/Scl complex: clinical, genetic and diagnostic insights. Autoimmun Rev. 2007;6:432–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Marie I, Lahaxe L, Benveniste O, Delavigne K, Adoue D, Mouthon L, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis and anti-PM-Scl antibody. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:337–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Muro Y, Hosono Y, Sugiura K, Ogawa Y, Mimori T, Akiyama M. Anti-PM/Scl antibodies are found in Japanese patients with various systemic autoimmune conditions besides myositis and scleroderma. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Vandergheynst F, Ocmant A, Sordet C, Humbel RL, Goetz J, Roufosse F, et al. Anti-pm/scl antibodies in connective tissue disease: clinical and biological assessment of 14 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24:129–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Isern RA, Yaneva M, Weiner E, Parke A, Rothfield N, Dantzker D, et al. Autoantibodies in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: association with anti-Ku. Am J Med. 1992;93:307–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Cooley HM, Melny BJ, Gleeson R, Greco T, Kay TW. Clinical and serological associations of anti-Ku antibody. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:563–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Franceschini F, Cavazzana I, Generali D, Quinzanini M, Viardi L, Ghirardello A, et al. Anti-Ku antibodies in connective tissue diseases: clinical and serological evaluation of 14 patients. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1393–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Reeves WH. Use of monoclonal antibodies for the characterization of novel DNA-binding proteins recognized by human autoimmune sera. J Exp Med. 1985;161:18–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Váncsa A, Gergely L, Ponyi A, Lakos G, Németh J, Szodoray P, et al. Myositis-specific and myositis-associated antibodies in overlap myositis in comparison to primary dermatopolymyositis: relevance for clinical classification: retrospective study of 169 patients. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77:125–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Feist E, Schneider M, Brychcy M, Dorner T, Burmester G, Hiepe F. A unique autoantibody pattern of positive anti-Jo-1, anti-U1RNP, and antiproteasome antibodies in autoimmune myositis as a diagnostic challenge. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:370–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Szodoray P, Hajas A, Kardos L, Dezso B, Soos G, Zold E, et al. Distinct phenotypes in mixed connective tissue disease: subgroups and survival. Lupus. 2012;21:1412–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cavazzana I, Fredi M, Ceribelli A, Mordenti C, Ferrari F, Carabellese N, et al. Testing for myositis specific autoantibodies: comparison between line blot and immunoprecipitation assays in 57 myositis sera. J Immunol Methods. 2016;433:1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Aggarwal R, Oddis CV, Goudeau D, Fertig N, Metes I, Stephens C, et al. Anti-transcription intermediary factor 1-gamma autoantibody ELISA development and validation. Rheumatology. 2014;53:433–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. • Fujimoto M, Murakami A, Kurei S, Okiyama N, Kawakami A, Mishima M, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of anti-transcriptional intermediary factor-1 gamma and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in dermatomyositis. J Dermatol Sci. 2016;84:272–81. This study demonstrates the usefulness of newly established ELISAs to detect particular MSAs such as TIF1-gamma and anti-Mi-2, which can lead to more routine testing.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Stone KB, Oddis CV, Fertig N, Katsumata Y, Lucas M, Vogt M, et al. Anti-Jo-1 antibody levels correlate with disease activity in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:3125–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Muro Y, Sugiura K, Hoshino K, Akiyama M. Disappearance of anti-MDA-5 autoantibodies in clinically amyopathic DM/interstitial lung disease during disease remission. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2012;51:800–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Aggarwal R, Oddis CV, Goudeau D, Koontz D, Qi Z, Reed AM, et al. Autoantibody levels in myositis patients correlate with clinical response during B cell depletion with rituximab. Rheumatol Oxf Engl. 2016;55:991–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Sato S, Kuwana M, Fujita T, Suzuki Y. Anti-CADM-140/MDA5 autoantibody titer correlates with disease activity and predicts disease outcome in patients with dermatomyositis and rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Mod Rheumatol. 2013;23:496–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fujisawa T, Hozumi H, Kono M, Enomoto N, Hashimoto D, Nakamura Y, et al. Prognostic factors for myositis-associated interstitial lung disease. PLoS One. 2014;9:e98824.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Arad-Dann H, Isenberg D, Ovadia E, Shoenfeld Y, Sperling J, Sperling R. Autoantibodies against a nuclear 56 kDa protein: a marker for inflammatory muscle disease. J Autoimmun. 1989;2:877–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Stuhlmüller B, Jerez R, Hausdorf G, Barthel H-R, Meurer M, Genth E, et al. Novel autoantibodies against muscle-cell membrane proteins in patients with myositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39:1860–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lundberg IE, Dastmalchi M. Possible pathogenic mechanisms in inflammatory myopathies. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2002;28:799–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Katirji B, Kaminski HJ, Ruff RL. Neuromuscular disorders in clinical practice. New York: Springer; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Greenberg SA. Inflammatory myopathies: disease mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurol. 2009;22:516–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Day J, Otto S, Proudman S, Hayball JD, Limaye V. Dysregulated innate immune function in the aetiopathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmun Rev. 2017;16:87–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Burd CJ, Kinyamu HK, Miller FW, Archer TK. UV radiation regulates Mi-2 through protein translation and stability. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:34976–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA

    Rochelle Castillo MD

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle Asthma and Allergy Building, 1B, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA

    Jemima Albayda MD

Authors
  1. Rochelle Castillo MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jemima Albayda MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jemima Albayda MD.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Albayda declares that she has no conflict of interest. Dr. Castillo declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Other CTD: Inflammatory Myopathies and Sjogren’s

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Castillo, R., Albayda, J. Dermatomyositis: Autoantibodies and Their Corresponding Phenotypes. Curr Treat Options in Rheum 3, 254–266 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40674-017-0078-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40674-017-0078-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation