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Time to remission of proteinuria and incidence of relapse in patients with steroid-sensitive minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: the Japan Nephrotic Syndrome Cohort Study

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Abstract

Background

Minimal change disease (MCD) is characterized by a nephrotic syndrome usually steroid-sensitive and a high incidence of relapse of proteinuria. Previous cohort studies have reported conflicting results regarding the association between the time to remission and incidence of relapse.

Methods

This multicenter prospective cohort study included 102 adult patients with steroid-sensitive MCD or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis from a 5-year cohort study of primary nephrotic syndrome, the Japan Nephrotic Syndrome Cohort Study, who achieved remission of proteinuria within 2 months of immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The association between the time to remission of proteinuria after immunosuppressive therapy and incidence of relapse was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for clinically relevant factors.

Results

Remission was observed at 3–7, 8–14, 15–21, 22–28, and 30–56 days after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy in 17 (16.7%), 37 (36.3%), 21 (20.6%), 13 (12.7%), and 14 (13.7%) patients, respectively. During a median observation period of 2.3 years after the end of the 2nd month after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, 46 (45.1%) patients relapsed. The time to remission was associated with the incidence of relapse in an inverse U-shaped pattern (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals] of the time to remission of 3–7, 8–14, 15–21, 22–28, 30–56 days: 1.00 [reference], 1.76 [0.56, 5.51], 6.06 [1.85, 19.80], 5.46 [1.44, 20.64], and 2.19 [0.52, 9.30], respectively).

Conclusion

The time to remission was identified as a significant predictor of relapse in steroid-sensitive patients.

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Availability of data and material

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because the JNSCS data are not open to the public.

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

JNSCS was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for intractable Renal Diseases Research, Research on rare and intractable diseases, Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan. JNSCS has been supported by a large number of investigators in 56 participating facilities; Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido (Saori Nishio, Yasunobu Ishikawa, Daigo Nakazawa, and Tasuku Nakagaki); JCHO Sendai Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi (Toshinobu Sato, Mitsuhiro Sato, and Satoru Sanada); Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi (Hiroshi Sato, Mariko Miyazaki, Takashi Nakamichi, Tae Yamamoto, Kaori Narumi, and Gen Yamada); Yamagata University Hospital, Yamagata, Yamagata (Tsuneo Konta, and Kazunobu Ichikawa); Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, Fukushima (Junichiro James Kazama, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Koichi Asahi, Yuki Kusano, and Kimio Watanabe); University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Ibaraki (Kunihiro Yamagata, Joichi Usui, Shuzo Kaneko, and Tetsuya Kawamura); Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma (Keiju Hiromura, Akito Maeshima, Yoriaki Kaneko, Hidekazu Ikeuchi, Toru Sakairi, and Masao Nakasatomi); Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama (Hajime Hasegawa, Takatsugu Iwashita, Taisuke Shimizu, Koichi Kanozawa, Tomonari Ogawa, Kaori Takayanagi, and Tetsuya Mitarai); Department of Nephrology, Saitama Medical University, Irumagun, Saitama (Hirokazu Okada, Tsutomu Inoue, Hiromichi Suzuki, and Kouji Tomori); Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo (Kosaku Nitta, Takahito Moriyama, Akemi Ino, and Masayo Sato); Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo (Shunya Uchida, Hideaki Nakajima, Hitoshi Homma, Nichito Nagura, Yoshifuru Tamura, Shigeru Shibata, and Yoshihide Fujigaki); Juntendo Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo (Yusuke Suzuki, Yukihiko Takeda, Isao Osawa, and Teruo Hidaka); St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa (Daisuke Ichikawa, Yugo Shibagaki, Sayuri Shirai, Tsutomu Sakurada, Tomo Suzuki, and Mikako Hisamichi); Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Niigata (Ichiei Narita, Naohumi Imai, Yumi Ito, Shin Goto, Yoshikatsu Kaneko, and Rhohei Kaseda); Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa (Hitoshi Yokoyama, Keiji Fujimoto, and Norifumi Hayashi); Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa (Takashi Wada, Miho Shimizu, Kengo Furuichi, Norihiko Sakai, Yasunori Iwata, Tadashi Toyama, and Shinji Kitajima); National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa (Kiyoki Kitagawa); Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Gifu (Hiroshi Sobajima, Norimi Ohashi, So Oshitani, and Kiyohito Kawashima); Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, Tajimi, Gifu (Tetsushi Mimura); Hamamatsu University Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka (Hideo Yasuda, Akira Hishida, and Yoshihide Fujigaki); Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, Shizuoka (Satoshi Tanaka, and Noriko Mori); Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Shizuoka (Toshiyuki Akahori, and Yutaka Fujita); Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi (Shoichi Maruyama, Naotake Tsuboi, Tomoki Kosugi, Takuji Ishimoto, Takayuki Katsuno, Noritoshi Kato, and Waichi Sato); Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi (Asami Takeda, Kunio Morozumi, Yasuhiro Ohtsuka, Hibiki Shinjo, and Akihito Tanaka); Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi (Hiroki Hayashi, Yukio Yuzawa, Midori Hasegawa, Daijo Inaguma, Shigehisa Koide, and Kazuo Takahashi); Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan, Aichi (Takeyuki Hiramatsu, Shinji Furuta, and Hideaki Ishikawa); Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Aichi (Hirofumi Tamai, and Takatoshi Morinaga); Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Ichinomiya, Aichi (Arimasa Shirasaki, Toshiki Kimura, and Mina Kato); Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi (Shizunori Ichida, and Nobuhide Endo); Kasugai Municipal Hospital, Kasugai, Aichi (Tomohiko Naruse, Yuzo Watanabe, and Yosuke Saka); Kainan Hospital, Yatomi, Aichi (Satashi Suzuki, Michiko Yamazaki, and Rieko Morita); Masuko Memorial Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi (Kunio Morozumi, Kunio Morozumi, Kaoru Yasuda, Chika Kondo, Takahiro Morohiro, Rho Sato, and Yuichi Shirasawa); Chubu Rosai Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi (Yoshiro Fujita, Hideaki Shimizu, and Tatsuhito Tomino); Handa City Hospital, Handa, Aichi (Makoto Mizutani); Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, Yokkaichi, Mie (Yosuke Saka, Hiroshi Nagaya, and Makoto Yamaguchi); Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Osaka (Tatsuo Tsukamoto, Eri Muso, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Tomomi Endo, and Hiroko Kakita); Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Osaka (Megumu Fukunaga); Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Osaka (Tatsuya Shoji, and Terumasa Hayashi); Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Osaka (Eiji Ishimura, Akihiro Tsuda, Shinya Nakatani, Ikue Kobayashi, Mitsuru Ichii, Akinobu Ochi, and Yoshiteru Ohno); Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Osaka (Yoshitaka Isaka, Enyu Imai, Yasuyuki Nagasawa, Hirotsugu Iwatani, Ryohei Yamamoto, and Tomoko Namba); Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo (Shunsuke Goto MD, and Shinichi Nishi); Nara Medical University Hospital, Kashihara, Nara (Yasuhiro Akai, Ken-ichi Samejima, Masaru Matsui, Miho Tagawa, Kaori Tanabe, and Hideo Tsushima); Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Wakayama, Wakayama (Takashi Shigematsu MD, Masaki Ohya, Shigeo Negi, and Toru Mima); Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Shimane (Takafumi Ito); Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Okayama (Hitoshi Sugiyama, Keiko Tanaka, Toshio Yamanari, Masashi Kitagawa, Akifumi Onishi, and Koki Mise); Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama (Naoki Kashihara, Tamaki Sasaki, Sohachi Fujimoto, and Hajime Nagasu); Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima,Tokushima,Tokushima (Kojiro Nagai, and Toshio Doi); Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Takamatsu, Japan (Tadashi Sofue, Hideyasu Kiyomoto, Kumiko Moriwaki, Taiga Hara, Yoko Nishijima, Yoshio Kushida, and Tetsuo Minamino); Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi (Yoshio Terada, Taro Horino, Yoshinori Taniguchi, Kosuke Inoue, Yoshiko Shimamura, and Tatsuki Matsumoto); Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Fukuoka (Kazuhiko Tsuruya, Hisako Yoshida, Naoki Haruyama, Shunsuke Yamada, Akihiro Tsuchimoto, and Yuta Matsukuma); Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Fukuoka (Kosuke Masutani, Yasuhiro Abe, Aki Hamauchi, Tetsuhiko Yasuno, and Kenji Ito); Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Fukuoka (Kei Fukami, Junko Yano, Chika Yoshida, Yuka Kurokawa, and Nao Nakamura); National Hospital Organization Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, Koga, Fukuoka (Ritsuko Katafuchi, Hiroshi Nagae, Shumei Matsueda, and Kazuto Abe); Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Nagasaki (Tomoya Nishino, Tadashi Uramatsu, and Yoko Obata); Miyazaki University Hospital, Miyazaki, Miyazaki (Shouichi Fujimoto, Yuji Sato, Masao Kikuchi, Ryuzo Nishizono, Takashi Iwakiri, and Hiroyuki Komatsu).

Funding

The JNSCS was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Intractable Renal Diseases Research, Research on Rare and Intractable Diseases, Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants for the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health and Counseling Center, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan

    Ryohei Yamamoto

  2. Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-D11 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Ryohei Yamamoto & Yoshitaka Isaka

  3. Nakayamadera Imai Clinic, 2-8-18 Nakayamadera, Takarazuka, Hyogo, 665-0861, Japan

    Enyu Imai

  4. Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan

    Shoichi Maruyama

  5. Department of Nephrology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan

    Hitoshi Yokoyama

  6. Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kita-ku, Okayama, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan

    Hitoshi Sugiyama

  7. Kidney Disease Center, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, 2-9 Myokencho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8650, Japan

    Asami Takeda

  8. Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Kitano Hospital, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, 2-4-20 Ogimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan

    Tatsuo Tsukamoto

  9. Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8606, Japan

    Shunya Uchida

  10. Department of Nephrology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8521, Japan

    Kazuhiko Tsuruya

  11. Department of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Osaka General Medical Center, 3-1-56 Bandaihigashi, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Osaka, 558-8558, Japan

    Tatsuya Shoji

  12. Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukakecho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan

    Hiroki Hayashi

  13. First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijocho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan

    Yasuhiro Akai

  14. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, 4-14-1 Shibaharacho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8565, Japan

    Megumu Fukunaga

  15. Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan

    Tsuneo Konta

  16. Division of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan

    Saori Nishio

  17. Division of Nephrology and Kidney Center, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunokicho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan

    Shunsuke Goto

  18. Department of Nephrology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashihirokute, Anjocho, Anjo, Aichi, 446-8602, Japan

    Hirofumi Tamai

  19. Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

    Kojiro Nagai

  20. Kidney Unit, National Hospital Organization Fukuokahigashi Medical Center, 1-1-1 Chidori, Koga, Fukuoka, 811-3195, Japan

    Ritsuko Katafuchi

  21. Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan

    Kosuke Masutani

  22. Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan

    Takashi Wada

  23. Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan

    Tomoya Nishino

  24. Department of Nephrology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 2-2-22 Bunkyo, Ichinomiya, Aichi, 491-8558, Japan

    Arimasa Shirasaki

  25. Department of Diabetology and Nephrology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, 4-86 Minaminokawacho, Ogaki, Gifu, 503-8502, Japan

    Hiroshi Sobajima

  26. Department of Nephrology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan

    Kosaku Nitta

  27. Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan

    Kunihiro Yamagata

  28. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima-City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan

    Junichiro J. Kazama

  29. Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan

    Keiju Hiromura

  30. Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan

    Hideo Yasuda

  31. Department of Nephrology, Handa City Hospital, 2-29 Toyocho, Handa, Aichi, 475-8599, Japan

    Makoto Mizutani

  32. Department of Nephrology, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa, Shizuoka, 436-8555, Japan

    Toshiyuki Akahori

  33. Department of Nephrology, Kasugai Municipal Hospital, 1-1-1 Takakicho, Kasugai, Aichi, 486-8510, Japan

    Tomohiko Naruse

  34. Department of Nephrology, Konan Kosei Hospital, 137 Omatsubara, Takayacho, Konan, Aichi, 483-8704, Japan

    Takeyuki Hiramatsu

  35. Department of Nephrology, Masuko Memorial Hospital, 35-28 Takebashicho, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 453-8566, Japan

    Kunio Morozumi

  36. Department of Nephrology, Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, 5-161 Maebatacho, Tajimi, Gifu, 507-8522, Japan

    Tetsushi Mimura

  37. Department of Nephrology, Yokkaichi Municipal Hospital, 2-2-37 Shibata, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-8567, Japan

    Yosuke Saka

  38. Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan

    Eiji Ishimura

  39. Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-850, Japan

    Hajime Hasegawa

  40. Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-000, Japan

    Daisuke Ichikawa

  41. Department of Nephrology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama-City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan

    Takashi Shigematsu

  42. Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan

    Hiroshi Sato

  43. Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan

    Ichiei Narita

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  1. Ryohei Yamamoto
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  2. Enyu Imai
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  7. Tatsuo Tsukamoto
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  8. Shunya Uchida
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  9. Kazuhiko Tsuruya
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  10. Tatsuya Shoji
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Consortia

the Japan Nephrotic Syndrome Cohort Study investigators

  • Saori Nishio
  • , Yasunobu Ishikawa
  • , Daigo Nakazawa
  • , Tasuku Nakagaki
  • , Toshinobu Sato
  • , Mitsuhiro Sato
  • , Satoru Sanada
  • , Hiroshi Sato
  • , Mariko Miyazaki
  • , Takashi Nakamichi
  • , Tae Yamamoto
  • , Kaori Narumi
  • , Gen Yamada
  • , Tsuneo Konta
  • , Kazunobu Ichikawa
  • , Junichiro James Kazama
  • , Tsuyoshi Watanabe
  • , Koichi Asahi
  • , Yuki Kusano
  • , Kimio Watanabe
  • , Kunihiro Yamagata
  • , Joichi Usui
  • , Shuzo Kaneko
  • , Tetsuya Kawamura
  • , Keiju Hiromura
  • , Akito Maeshima
  • , Yoriaki Kaneko
  • , Hidekazu Ikeuchi
  • , Toru Sakairi
  • , Masao Nakasatomi
  • , Hajime Hasegawa
  • , Takatsugu Iwashita
  • , Taisuke Shimizu
  • , Koichi Kanozawa
  • , Tomonari Ogawa
  • , Kaori Takayanagi
  • , Tetsuya Mitarai
  • , Hirokazu Okada
  • , Tsutomu Inoue
  • , Hiromichi Suzuki
  • , Kouji Tomori
  • , Kosaku Nitta
  • , Takahito Moriyama
  • , Akemi Ino
  • , Masayo Sato
  • , Shunya Uchida
  • , Hideaki Nakajima
  • , Hitoshi Homma
  • , Nichito Nagura
  • , Yoshifuru Tamura
  • , Shigeru Shibata
  • , Yoshihide Fujigaki
  • , Yusuke Suzuki
  • , Yukihiko Takeda
  • , Isao Osawa
  • , Teruo Hidaka
  • , Daisuke Ichikawa
  • , Yugo Shibagaki
  • , Sayuri Shirai
  • , Tsutomu Sakurada
  • , Tomo Suzuki
  • , Mikako Hisamichi
  • , Ichiei Narita
  • , Naohumi Imai
  • , Yumi Ito
  • , Shin Goto
  • , Yoshikatsu Kaneko
  • , Rhohei Kaseda
  • , Hitoshi Yokoyama
  • , Keiji Fujimoto
  • , Norifumi Hayashi
  • , Takashi Wada
  • , Miho Shimizu
  • , Kengo Furuichi
  • , Norihiko Sakai
  • , Yasunori Iwata
  • , Tadashi Toyama
  • , Shinji Kitajima
  • , Kiyoki Kitagawa
  • , Hiroshi Sobajima
  • , Norimi Ohashi
  • , So Oshitani
  • , Kiyohito Kawashima
  • , Tetsushi Mimura
  • , Hideo Yasuda
  • , Akira Hishida
  • , Yoshihide Fujigaki
  • , Satoshi Tanaka
  • , Noriko Mori
  • , Toshiyuki Akahori
  • , Yutaka Fujita
  • , Shoichi Maruyama
  • , Naotake Tsuboi
  • , Tomoki Kosugi
  • , Takuji Ishimoto
  • , Takayuki Katsuno
  • , Noritoshi Kato
  • , Waichi Sato
  • , Asami Takeda
  • , Kunio Morozumi
  • , Yasuhiro Ohtsuka
  • , Hibiki Shinjo
  • , Akihito Tanaka
  • , Hiroki Hayashi
  • , Yukio Yuzawa
  • , Midori Hasegawa
  • , Daijo Inaguma
  • , Shigehisa Koide
  • , Kazuo Takahashi
  • , Takeyuki Hiramatsu
  • , Shinji Furuta
  • , Hideaki Ishikawa
  • , Hirofumi Tamai
  • , Takatoshi Morinaga
  • , Arimasa Shirasaki
  • , Toshiki Kimura
  • , Mina Kato
  • , Shizunori Ichida
  • , Nobuhide Endo
  • , Tomohiko Naruse
  • , Yuzo Watanabe
  • , Yosuke Saka
  • , Satashi Suzuki
  • , Michiko Yamazaki
  • , Rieko Morita
  • , Kunio Morozumi
  • , Kunio Morozumi
  • , Kaoru Yasuda
  • , Chika Kondo
  • , Takahiro Morohiro
  • , Rho Sato
  • , Yuichi Shirasawa
  • , Yoshiro Fujita
  • , Hideaki Shimizu
  • , Tatsuhito Tomino
  • , Makoto Mizutani
  • , Yosuke Saka
  • , Hiroshi Nagaya
  • , Makoto Yamaguchi
  • , Tatsuo Tsukamoto
  • , Eri Muso
  • , Hiroyuki Suzuki
  • , Tomomi Endo
  • , Hiroko Kakita
  • , Megumu Fukunaga
  • , Tatsuya Shoji
  • , Terumasa Hayashi
  • , Eiji Ishimura
  • , Akihiro Tsuda
  • , Shinya Nakatani
  • , Ikue Kobayashi
  • , Mitsuru Ichii
  • , Akinobu Ochi
  • , Yoshiteru Ohno
  • , Yoshitaka Isaka
  • , Enyu Imai
  • , Yasuyuki Nagasawa
  • , Hirotsugu Iwatani
  • , Ryohei Yamamoto
  • , Tomoko Namba
  • , Shunsuke Goto MD
  • , Shinichi Nishi
  • , Yasuhiro Akai
  • , Ken-ichi Samejima
  • , Masaru Matsui
  • , Miho Tagawa
  • , Kaori Tanabe
  • , Hideo Tsushima
  • , Takashi Shigematsu
  • , Masaki Ohya
  • , Shigeo Negi
  • , Toru Mima
  • , Takafumi Ito
  • , Hitoshi Sugiyama
  • , Keiko Tanaka
  • , Toshio Yamanari
  • , Masashi Kitagawa
  • , Akifumi Onishi
  • , Koki Mise
  • , Naoki Kashihara
  • , Tamaki Sasaki
  • , Sohachi Fujimoto
  • , Hajime Nagasu
  • , Kojiro Nagai
  • , Toshio Doi
  • , Tadashi Sofue
  • , Hideyasu Kiyomoto
  • , Kumiko Moriwaki
  • , Taiga Hara
  • , Yoko Nishijima
  • , Yoshio Kushida
  • , Tetsuo Minamino
  • , Yoshio Terada
  • , Taro Horino
  • , Yoshinori Taniguchi
  • , Kosuke Inoue
  • , Yoshiko Shimamura
  • , Tatsuki Matsumoto
  • , Kazuhiko Tsuruya
  • , Hisako Yoshida
  • , Naoki Haruyama
  • , Shunsuke Yamada
  • , Akihiro Tsuchimoto
  • , Yuta Matsukuma
  • , Kosuke Masutani
  • , Yasuhiro Abe
  • , Aki Hamauchi
  • , Tetsuhiko Yasuno
  • , Kenji Ito
  • , Kei Fukami
  • , Junko Yano
  • , Chika Yoshida
  • , Yuka Kurokawa
  • , Nao Nakamura
  • , Ritsuko Katafuchi
  • , Hiroshi Nagae
  • , Shumei Matsueda
  • , Kazuto Abe
  • , Tomoya Nishino
  • , Tadashi Uramatsu
  • , Yoko Obata
  • , Shouichi Fujimoto
  • , Yuji Sato
  • , Masao Kikuchi
  • , Ryuzo Nishizono
  • , Takashi Iwakiri
  •  & Hiroyuki Komatsu

Contributions

Research idea and study design: IE, MS, and IY; data acquisition: all authors; data analysis/interpretation: YR; statistical analysis: YR; supervision or mentorship: IE, MS, and IY. Each author contributed important intellectual content during manuscript drafting and agrees to be personally accountable for the individual’s own contributions and to ensure that questions pertaining to the accuracy or integrity of any portion of the work, even one in which the author was not directly involved, are appropriately investigated and resolved, including with documentation in the literature if appropriate.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ryohei Yamamoto.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests.

Ethics approval

The study protocol of the JNSCS was approved by the ethics committee of Osaka University Hospital (approval number 17035-4) and the institutional review board of each participating hospital.

Consent to participate

Informed consent was obtained from the participants from all hospitals, except one with an opt-out approach to obtain informed consent, according to the Japanese Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The members of the Japan Nephrotic Syndrome Cohort Study investigators are listed in acknowledgements.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 77 kb)

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Cite this article

Yamamoto, R., Imai, E., Maruyama, S. et al. Time to remission of proteinuria and incidence of relapse in patients with steroid-sensitive minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: the Japan Nephrotic Syndrome Cohort Study. J Nephrol 35, 1135–1144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-022-01279-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-022-01279-z

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