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Low vitamin D levels are linked with increased cardiovascular disease risk in young adults: a sub-study and secondary analyses from the ACTIBATE randomized controlled trial

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Abstract

Purpose

Vitamin D deficiency is related to metabolic disturbances. Indeed, a poor vitamin D status has been usually detected in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship between vitamin D and CVD risk factors in young adults remains controversial at present. This study aimed to examine the association between circulating 25-hydroxivitamin D (25(OH)D) and CVD risk factors in young adults.

Methods

The present cross-sectional study included a cohort of 177 young adults aged 18–25 years old (65% women). 25(OH)D serum concentrations were assessed using a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Fasting CVD risk factors (i.e., body composition, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, liver, and inflammatory markers) were determined by routine methods. A panel of 63 oxylipins and endocannabinoids (eCBs) was also analyzed by targeted metabolomics.

Results

Circulating 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with a wide range of CVD risk factors including anthropometrical (all P ≤ 0.005), body composition (all P ≤ 0.038), glucose metabolism (all P ≤ 0.029), lipid profile (all P < 0.035), liver (all P ≤ 0.011), and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (all P ≤ 0.030). No associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations were found with pro-inflammatory markers (all P ≥ 0.104), omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins, nor eCBs concentrations or their analogs (all P ≥ 0.05).

Conclusion

The present findings support the idea that 25(OH)D could be a useful predictor of CVD risk in young individuals.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the participants of this study for their time and effort.

Funding

This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393), and PTA-12264, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R), Spain and European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU18/03357 and FPU19/01609); the Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), Spain; the Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD16/0022), Spain; the AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation, the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016 – Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), the Plan Propio de Investigación 2018 – Programa Contratos-Puente, Spain; the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, the Fundación Alfonso Martin Escudero and by the CIBEROBN, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CB22/03/00058), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Unión Europea – European Regional Development Fund.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    F. J. Amaro-Gahete & L. Jurado-Fasoli

  2. CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain

    F. J. Amaro-Gahete & J. R. Ruiz

  3. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain

    F. J. Amaro-Gahete & J. R. Ruiz

  4. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    H. Vázquez-Lorente

  5. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    H. Vázquez-Lorente

  6. Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

    M. Dote-Montero & J. R. Ruiz

  7. Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    I. Kohler

  8. Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    I. Kohler

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  1. F. J. Amaro-Gahete
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Contributions

F.J.A-G: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing; H.V-L: funding acquisition, software, visualization, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing; L.J-F: conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, and writing—review and editing; M.D-M: conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, and writing—review and editing; I.K: investigation, methodology, software, and writing—review and editing; J.R.R: conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to F. J. Amaro-Gahete or J. R. Ruiz.

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Research involving human participants and/or animals

The study was approved by the University of Granada Ethics Committee on Human Research (no. 924) and by that the Servicio Andaluz de Salud and was following the principles of the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki [25].

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Amaro-Gahete, F.J., Vázquez-Lorente, H., Jurado-Fasoli, L. et al. Low vitamin D levels are linked with increased cardiovascular disease risk in young adults: a sub-study and secondary analyses from the ACTIBATE randomized controlled trial. J Endocrinol Invest (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-023-02272-4

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