Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Studies on microstructure and mechanical properties of modified 9Cr–1Mo (P91) steel in submerged arc welding with TiO2-enriched fluxes

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work is studied the influence of titanium dioxide on the microstructure and mechanical properties of submerged arc weld P91 steel weldment. To manipulate the chemical composition of the weldment, the titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder was added with fresh welding flux in various proportions (2.5–12.5%). The results of optical emission spectroscopy test showed that Ti wt% is systematically increased from 0.00 to 0.021, whereas, other alloying elements were fairly uniform. The micrographs of the scanning electron microscope reveal the presence of finely dispersed precipitates in the weld metals, and the percentage of precipitation increases with respect to the enrichment of titanium dioxide. The hardness profile of weld metal increases significantly with respect to the TiO2 addition. Formation of TiC and TiN could be the possible reason for the enhancement of hardness, which has a positive impact on the creep property of steel weldment. Enrichment of TiO2 reveals the appreciable improvement in the tensile strength properties. However, the highest percentage of TiO2 addition provides the adverse effect on the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength values. The presence of surplus quantity of oxide content into the weld metal could be the possible reason behind this. Toughness value of the weld samples showed the negative trend with the addition of TiO2 which can be increased by increasing the post-weld heating time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agyakwa P (2004) Creep and microstructural development in P91 weldments at elevated temperature. PhD dissertation. University of Nottingham

  2. Pandey C, Mahapatra MM, Kumar P, Saini N (2018) Some studies on P91 steel and their weldments. J Alloys Compd 743:332–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhang Y (2009) Changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of P91 weld metal during creep. PhD dissertation. University of Nottingham

  4. Wang JC, Wang W, Sun Z, Wang X, Wei R, Xie C, Li Q, Luo GN (2016) Microstructure and mechanical analysis of W/P91 steel HIP-joint with Ti interlayer. Fusion Eng Des 112:67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Mohyla P, Foldynová K (2014) Effect of post-welding heat treatment on mechanical properties of joints of steel P92 formed by submerged arc welding. Metal Sci Heat Treat 56(3–4):206–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Saini N, Mulik RS, Mahapatra MM (2019) Influence of filler metals and PWHT regime on the microstructure and mechanical property relationships of CSEF steels dissimilar welded joints. Int J Press Vessels Pip 170:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Beidokhti B, Koukabi AH, Dolati A (2009) Influences of titanium and manganese on high strength low alloy SAW weld metal properties. Mater Charact 60(3):225–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Roy J, Rai RN, Saha SC (2018) Effect of TiO2 enriched fluxes on bead geometry, grain size and hardness in Submerged Arc weld metals. Int J Mater Prod Technol 56(4):313–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ishigami A, Roy MJ, Walsh JN, Withers PJ (2017) The effect of the weld fusion zone shape on residual stress in submerged arc welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 90(9–12):3451–3464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Haribabu S, Sudha C, Raju S, Hajra RN, Mythili R, Jayaraj J, Murugesan S, Saroja S (2019) Effect of Al addition on the microstructure and phase stability of P91 ferritic-martensitic steel. Metall Mater Trans A 50(3):1421–1436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Rojas D, Garcia J, Prat O, Sauthoff G, Kaysser-Pyzalla AR (2011) 9% Cr heat resistant steels: alloy design, microstructure evolution and creep response at 650 °C. Mater Sci Eng, A 528(15):5164–5176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Choudhary BK, Christopher J (2019) Influence of temperature and strain rate on tensile deformation and fracture behaviour of boron added P91 steel. Int J Press Vessels Pip 171:153–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Horiuchi Toshiaki, Igarashi Masaaki, Abe Fujio (2002) Improved utilization of added B in 9Cr heat-resistant steels containing W. ISIJ Int 42(Suppl):S67–S71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Prat O, Garcia J, Rojas D, Sauthoff G, Inden G (2013) The role of Laves phase on microstructure evolution and creep strength of novel 9% Cr heat resistant steels. Intermetallics 32:362–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. ASTM E-112 (2010) Standard test methods for determining average grain size

  16. ASTM E384–11e1 (2011) Standard test method for knoop and vickers hardness of materials

  17. ASTM E8 M–04 (2008) Standard test methods of tension testing of metallic materials

  18. Roy J, Rai RN, Saha SC (2018) Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of P91 steel weldment due to addition of boron trioxide into flux during submerged arc welding. Weld World 62:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Taneike M, Sawada K, Abe F (2004) Effect of carbon concentration on precipitation behavior of M23C6 carbides and MX carbonitrides in martensitic 9Cr steel during heat treatment. Metall Mater Trans A 35(4):1255–1262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rojas DR (2011) 9–12% Cr heat resistant steels: alloy design, TEM characterisation of microstructure evolution and creep response at 650°C. PhD thesis, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Chile

  21. Silwal B, Li L, Deceuster A, Griffiths B (2013) Effects of post weld heat treatment on the toughness of heat-affected zone for grade 91 steel. Weld J 92(3):80S–87S

    Google Scholar 

  22. Pandey C, Mahapatra MM (2016) Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hot impact toughness of various zones of P91 welded pipes. J Mater Eng Perform 25(6):2195–2210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pandey C, Mahapatra MM, Kumar P, Saini N (2018) Effect of weld consumable conditioning on the diffusible hydrogen and subsequent residual stress and flexural strength of multipass welded P91 steels. Metall Mater Trans B 49(5):2881–2895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ohtsuka S, Ukai S, Fujiwara M, Kaito T, Narita T (2005) Improvement of creep strength of 9CrODS martensitic steel by controlling excess oxygen and titanium concentrations. Mater Trans 46(3):487–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Milović L, Vuherer T, Blačić I, Vrhovac M, Stanković M (2013) Microstructures and mechanical properties of creep resistant steel for application at elevated temperatures. Mater Des 46:660–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Pandey C, Mahapatra MM, Kumar P, Giri A (2017) Microstructure characterization and charpy toughness of P91 weldment for as-welded, post-weld heat treatment and normalizing and tempering heat treatment. Met Mater Int 23(5):900–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Yoshino M, Mishima Y, Toda Y, Kushima H, Sawada K, Kumura K (2005) Phase equilibrium between austenite and MX carbonitride in a 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel. ISIJ Int 45:107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Das CR (2011) Influence of boron on microstructure and mechanical properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weldments. PhD thesis, IIT Madras

  29. Kimmins ST, Gooch DJ (1983) Austenite memory effect in 1Cr-1Mo- 0.75 V(Ti, B) steel. Mater Sci 17:519–521

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Authors would like to thank Prof. Rahul Mitra, Chairman, CRF, IIT, Kharagpur, for providing the SEM facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India

    Joydeep Roy & Subhash Chandra Saha

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala, India

    Raja Chakraborti

  3. Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura, India

    Ram Naresh Rai

Authors
  1. Joydeep Roy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raja Chakraborti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ram Naresh Rai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Subhash Chandra Saha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joydeep Roy.

Additional information

Technical Editor: Lincoln Cardoso Brandao.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Roy, J., Chakraborti, R., Rai, R.N. et al. Studies on microstructure and mechanical properties of modified 9Cr–1Mo (P91) steel in submerged arc welding with TiO2-enriched fluxes. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 41, 468 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1968-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1968-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation