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Elevated level of abscisic acid in the embryonic tissues of Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz., a key growth regulator for its physiological dormancy

  • Biochemistry & Physiology - Original Article
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Abstract

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz., belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is an ethnobotanically important deciduous tree species facing difficulties in their natural regeneration. The germination rate and percentage of this species is reported to be very low. The freshly fallen ‘stones’ (seeds covered by endocarp) are observed to germinate only after a period of after-ripening. The present investigation was focused on the change in endogenous phytohormonal flux when the fallen seeds were hydrated to induce germination. A comparison was made with non-dormant seeds of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (var. sesquipedalis) to understand the nature of dormancy in S. pinnata. Germination tests were conducted, and the embryo moisture content during seed shed and seed hydration for both the species were determined. Phytohormonal analysis of fourteen plant growth regulators (PGRs) was carried out using LC–MS/MS. The embryo moisture content in S. pinnata was above 20%, but no germination was observed even up to a period of 1 month under ambient conditions, where the seeds of V. unguiculata with 10% moisture content sprout out after two days of hydration. The LC–MS/MS data showed elevated level of abscisic acid (ABA) in S. pinnata seeds (70.971 ± 0.707 ng g dry weight−1) in comparison with V. unguiculata (7.75 ± 0.08 ng g dry weight−1) on hydration indicating the onset of physiological dormancy. The germination promoting PGRs, viz. gibberellins (GA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and trans-zeatin (tZ) were found to upregulate significantly in V. unguiculata seeds on hydration but not in S. pinnata seeds explaining their dormancy.

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Acknowledgements

All authors gratefully acknowledge the Post-Graduate Department of Botany, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, for providing the facility for the completion of the work. We sincerely thank the Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (ICAR) Bengaluru, Karnataka, for providing the LC-MS/MS facility for phytohormone profiling. We also thank CSIR, Government of India, Delhi, for the financial assistance.

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  1. Post-Graduate Department of Botany and Research Centre, Government College for Women, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 014, India

    Sneha John, K. G. Ajith Kumar, V. V. Amritha, S. Sreedevi & S. Lima Lawrance

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All the authors contributed to the study conception and design. Experimental designing, data collection and analysis were performed by SJ and KGAK, VVA, SS and SLL worked on material preparation, reviewing and editing the manuscript and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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John, S., Kumar, K.G.A., Amritha, V.V. et al. Elevated level of abscisic acid in the embryonic tissues of Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz., a key growth regulator for its physiological dormancy. Braz. J. Bot 46, 563–572 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-023-00904-w

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