Abstract
Writing from a European perspective, the article discusses how increased transparency in anti-doping governance can be expected to strengthen the anti-doping fight by enhancing the legitimacy of the fight and by fostering public support. The article ends with a number of operational recommendations.
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Notes
Backhouse et al. (2014).
World Anti-Doping Code (2015).
WADC (2015), Fundamental Rationale, p. 14.
Variations are scaled from author to author, yet the uncompromising view held by WADA is not shared by all.
Paoli and Donati (2013).
Kornbeck (2015).
Gesetz zur Bekämpfung von Doping im Sport vom 10. Dezember 2015. BGBl. I, Nr. 5, 17.12.2015, pp. 2210–2217. (Anti-Doping-Gesetz vom 10. Dezember 2015) (AntiDopG).
Parzeller (2014).
WADC (2015), Article 22.
Waddington (2010).
Smith (2014).
See Viret (2016, p. 161): ‘Science is so fundamental to the fight against doping that it can truly be considered a pillar of modern anti-doping regulations, both for their design and for their enforcement’.
Viret (2016, p. 2).
Case C-519/04 P. Judgment of 18 July 2006. David Meca-Medina and Igor Majcen v Commission of the European Communities, at 47.
Smith (2014), p. 276.
WADC (2015), Article 2.1.1.
WADC (2015), Article 3.1.
Rigozzi et al. (2015).
Ivo Belet (PPE): Subject: Blood passport as evidence of doping. E-007480/2013. 25 June 2013—Ivo Belet (PPE): Subject: Blood passport as evidence of doping. 30 January 2014. P-000937-14 (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html).
European Commission (2011).
Neuberger and Simon (2014), p. 277. Translation: J.K.
Ruiz (2016).
WADA (2015a).
Kornbeck (2016b).
Kornbeck (2016a).
See e.g. the enhanced provisions in the new EU General Data Protection Regulation, including Article 33 (Notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority), Article 34 (Communication of a personal data breach to the data subject) and Article 83 (General conditions for imposing administrative fines), providing in certain cases for fines up to 4 % of the total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year (Article 83(5), 83(6)). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance). OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, pp. 1–88.
WADA (2015b).
López (2011).
Lodewijkxa and Brouwer (2011).
Berry (2008).
Ljungquist et al. (2008).
Nature (2008).
Palmer et al. (2011), p. 80.
Simon (2013), slides 10–12.
Viret (2016, p. 162).
WADC (2015), Articles 4.3.1.3, 4.3.3.
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Disclaimer: Opinions expressed are solely those of the author and do not render official EU positions.
Having previously worked in the European Commission, Sport Unit, Brussels, as the Policy Officer in charge of anti-doping (inter alia) (2001–14), Jacob Kornbeck is currently a Legal Officer in the Office of the European Data Protection Officer (EDPS), Policy & Consultation Unit, Brussels. This paper was initially written as an invited contribution to a publication devoted to corruption in sport at the global level. The first version thus submitted received unfavourable peer-review but was published 3 months later in a medical journal (Kornbeck 2015). The current version was written from scratch in response to the peer-review but was not included in the final publication. Thanks are owed to the colleagues mentioned in the Acknowledgements section of the earlier paper (Kornbeck 2015) for comments provided on earlier versions of the draft. Any remaining inaccuracies remain my sole responsibility. Not all of my ideas were backed by all four colleagues, yet all provided feedback which was vital to keeping the right focus and for double-checking facts and arguments. The same colleagues did not check the current paper which, however, draws largely on the same sources as the previous one.
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Kornbeck, J. Anti-doping governance and transparency: a European perspective. Int Sports Law J 16, 118–122 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-016-0098-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-016-0098-8