Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute Exercise and Gastric Emptying: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Appetite Control

  • Systematic Review
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Gastric emptying (GE) could influence exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy intake. GE also could contribute to changes in gastric symptoms and the availability of nutrients during exercise, which will subsequently affect performance.

Objective

The objective of this review was to determine the effects of acute exercise on GE using a systematic review and meta-analysis. The most common parameters to determine GE were selected, consisting of half-emptying time and volume emptied. Oral-caecal transit time (OCTT) was also examined.

Data Sources

Research databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus) were searched through November 2013 for original studies, abstracts, theses and dissertations that examined the influence of acute exercise on GE.

Study Selection

Studies were included if they evaluated GE or OCTT during and/or after exercise and involved a resting control trial.

Study Appraisal and Synthesis

Initially, 195 studies were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics and quality and validity, data from 20 studies (35 trials) involving 221 participants (157 men; 52 women; 12 unknown) were extracted for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analyses were utilised for the three main outcome variables, and effect sizes (ES) are reported as Hedge’s g due to numerous small sample sizes.

Results

Random-effects modelling revealed non-significant and small/null main effect sizes for volume emptied (ES = 0.195; 95 % CI −0.25 to 0.64), half-time (ES = −0.109, 95 % CI −0.66 to 0.44) and OCTT (ES = 0.089; 95 % CI −0.64 to 0.82). All analyses exhibited significant heterogeneity and numerous variables moderated the results. There was a dose response of exercise intensity; at lower intensities GE was faster, and at high exercise intensities GE was slower. Walking was associated with faster GE and cycling with slower GE. Greater volume of meal/fluid ingested, higher osmolality of beverage and longer exercise duration were also associated with slower GE with exercise.

Limitations

The major limitation is that the majority of studies utilised a liquid bolus administered pre-exercise to determine GE; the relationship to post-exercise appetite and energy intake remains unknown. Study populations were also generally active or trained individuals. Furthermore, our review was limited to English language studies and studies that utilised resting control conditions.

Conclusions

These results suggest that exercise intensity, mode, duration and the nature of meal/fluid ingested all influence GE during and after acute exercise. The relationship of GE parameters with appetite regulation after exercise remains largely unexplored. Further integrative studies combining GE and alterations in gut hormones, as well as in populations such as overweight and obese individuals are needed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Coulton GG. From St Francis to Dante: a translation of all that is of primary interest in the chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene:1221–1288. London: David Nutt; 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mayer J, Roy P, Mitra KP. Relation between caloric intake, body weight, and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal. Am J Clin Nutr. 1956;4(2):169–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Schubert MM, Desbrow B, Sabapathy S, et al. Acute exercise and subsequent energy intake: a meta-analysis. Appetite. 2012;63:92–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hopkins M, King NA, Blundell JE. Acute and long-term effects of exercise on appetite control: Is there any benefit for weight control? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(6):635–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. King NA, Tremblay A, Blundell JE. Effects of exercise on appetite control: implications for energy balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(8):1076–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. King NA, Burley VJ, Blundell JE. Exercise-induced suppression of appetite: effects on food intake and implications for energy balance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1994;48:715–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. King NA, Blundell JE. High-fat foods overcome the energy expenditure induced by high-intensity cycling or running. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49(2):114–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Broom DR, Batterham RL, King JA, et al. Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide yy in healthy males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(1):R29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Broom DR, Stensel DJ, Bishop NC, et al. Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(6):2165–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Donnelly JE, Herrmann SD, Lambourne K, et al. Does increased exercise or physical activity alter ad-libitum daily energy intake or macronutrient composition in healthy adults? A systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e83498.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Larson-Meyer DE, Palm S, Bansal A et al. Influence of running and walking on hormonal regulators of appetite in women. J Obes. 2012; 15 pages. doi:10.1155/2012/730409. Article ID 730409.

  12. Thompson D, Wolfe L, Eikelboom R. Acute effects of exercise intensity on appetite in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(3):222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Finlayson G, Bryant E, Blundell JE, et al. Acute compensatory eating following exercise is associated with implicit hedonic wanting for food. Physiol Behav. 2009;97(1):62–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hopkins M, Blundell JE, King NA. Individual variability in compensatory eating following acute exercise in overweight and obese women. Br J Sports Med. 2013. [Epub Ahead of Print]. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091721.

  15. Martins C, Morgan LM, Bloom SR, et al. Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite. J Endocrinol. 2007;193:251–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schubert MM, Sabapathy S, Leveritt M, et al. Acute exercise and hormones related to appetite regulation: A meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2014;44(3):387–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(4):1409–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev. 2005;85(2):495–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kojima S, Ueno N, Asakawa A, et al. A role for pancreatic polypeptide in feeding and body weight regulation. Peptides. 2007;28(2):459–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Simpson K, Parker J, Plumer J, et al. CCK, PYY and PP: the control of energy balance. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2012;209:209–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Stanley S, Wynne K, McGowan B, et al. Hormonal regulation of food intake. Physiol Rev. 2005;85(4):1131–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, et al. Appetite control. J Endocrinol. 2005;184(2):291–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Delhanty PJ, Neggers SJ, van der Lely AJ. Mechanisms in endocrinology: ghrelin: the differences between acyl- and des-acyl ghrelin. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;167(5):601–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Horner KM, Byrne NM, Cleghorn GJ, et al. The effects of weight loss strategies on gastric emptying and appetite control. Obes Rev. 2011;12(11):935–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Levin F, Edholm T, Schmidt PT, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying and hunger in normal-weight humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(9):3296–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Heath R, Jones R, Frayn K, et al. Vagal stimulation exaggerates the inhibitory ghrelin response to oral fat in humans. J Endocrinol. 2004;180(2):273–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Blom WAM, Lluch A, Vinoy S, et al. Effects of gastric emptying on the postprandial ghrelin response. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290(2):389–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Camilleri M. Peripheral mechanisms in the control of appetite and related experimental therapies in obesity. Regul Pept. 2009;156(1–3):24–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cammack J, Read NW, Cann PA, et al. Effect of prolonged exercise on the passage of a solid meal through the stomach and small intestine. Gut. 1982;23:957–61.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang Y, Kondo T, Suzukamo Y, et al. Vagal nerve regulation is essential for the increase in gastric motility in response to mild exercise. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2010;222(2):155–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. De Schepper HU, Cremonini F, Chitkara D, et al. Assessment of gastric accommodation: Overview and evaluation of current methods. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16(3):275–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Janssen P, Vanden Berghe P, Verschueren S, et al. Review article: the role of gastric motility in the control of food intake. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(8):880–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Maughan RJ. Fluid and electrolyte loss and replacement in exercise. J Sports Sci. 1991;9:117–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Rehrer NJ, Beckers E, Brouns F, et al. Exercise and training effects on gastric emptying of carbohydrate beverages. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21:540–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rehrer NJ, Beckers EJ, Brouns F, et al. Effects of dehydration on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal distress while running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22:790–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Brouns F, Beckers E. Is the gut an athletic organ? Digestion, absorption and exercise. Sports Med. 1993;15:242–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Moses F, Ryan C, DeBolt J, et al. Oral cecal transit time during a two hour run with ingestion of water or glucose polymer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;83:1055.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Peters HP, De Vries WR. Potential benefits and hazards of physical activity and exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 2001;48(3):435–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. The impact of physical exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(5):533–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hellenbrandt FA, Tepper RH. Studies on the influence of exercise on the digestive work of the stomach. Its effect on emptying time. Am J Physiol. 1934;107:355–63.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fordtran JS, Saltin B. Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during prolonged severe exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1967;23(3):331–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ramsbottom SJ, Hunt JN. Effect of exercise on gastric emptying and gastric secretion. Digestion. 1974;10:1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Neufer PD, Young AJ, Sawka MN. Gastric emptying during walking and running: effects of varied exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;58:440–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Marzio L, Formica P, Fabiani F, et al. Influence of physical activity on gastric emptying of liquids in normal human subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86(10):1433–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Leiper JB, Broad NP, Maughan RJ. Effect of intermittent high-intensity exercise on gastric emptying in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(8):1270–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Leiper JB, Nicholas CW, Ali A, et al. The effect of intermittent high-intensity running on gastric emptying of fluids in man. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(2):240–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Neufer PD, Costill DL, Fink WJ, et al. Effects of exercise and carbohydrate composition on gastric emptying. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18(6):658–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Costill DL, Saltin B. Factors limiting gastric emptying during rest and exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1974;37:679–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Feldman M, Nixon JV. Effect of exercise on postprandial gastric secretion and emptying in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1982;53:851–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. van Rosendal SP, Osborne MA, Fassett RG, et al. Guidelines for glycerol use in hyperhydration and rehydration associated with exercise. Sports Med. 2010;40(2):113–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5:13.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, et al. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):140–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, et al. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res Syn Meth. 2010;1(2):97–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Huedo-Medina TB, Sanchez-Meca J, Marin-Martinez F, et al. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or i2 index? Psychol Methods. 2006;11(2):193–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000;56(2):455–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Evans GH, Shirreffs SM, Watson P, et al. Gastric emptying rate and perceived hunger after rest and exercise in man. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(14):i20–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Laurens M-H, Thouvenot P, Antoine J-M, et al. The effects of physical effort on gastric emptying. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(3):778S.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Mitchell J, Costill D, Houmard J, et al. Gastric emptying: Influence of prolonged exercise and carbohydrate concentration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989;21(3):269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Houmard JA, Egan PC, Johns RA, et al. Gastric emptying during 1 h of cycling and running at 75 % VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(3):320–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Keeling WF, Martin BJ. Gastrointestinal transit during mild exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1987;63(3):978–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Meshkinpour H, Kemp C, Fairshter R. Effect of aerobic exercise on mouth-to-cecum transit time. Gastroenterology. 1989;96(3):938–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Keeling WF, Harris A, Martin BJ. Orocecal transit during mild exercise in women. J Appl Physiol. 1990;68:1350–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Soffer EE, Summers RW, Gisolfi C. Effect of exercise on intestinal motility and transit in trained athletes. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:698–702.

    Google Scholar 

  66. van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brouns F, Brummer RJ. The effect of physical exercise on parameters of gastrointestinal function. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 1999;11(6):431–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brouns F, Brummer RJ. Gastrointestinal profile of symptomatic athletes at rest and during physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(4):429–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Clegg M, McClean C, Davison GW, et al. Exercise and postprandial lipaemia: effects on peripheral vascular function, oxidative stress and gastrointestinal transit. Lipids Health Dis. 2007;6(30):1–8.

  69. Carrio I, Estorch M, Serra-Grima R, et al. Gastric emptying in marathon runners. Gut. 1989;30:152–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Moore JG, Datz FL, Christian PE. Exercise increases solid meal gastric emptying rates in men. Dig Dis Sci. 1990;35:428–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Franke A, Harder H, Orth AK, et al. Postprandial walking but not consumption of alcoholic digestifs or espresso accelerates gastric emptying in healthy volunteers. J Gastrointest Liver Dis. 2008;17(1):27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Campbell JMH, Mitchell MB, Powell ATW. The influence of exercise on digestion. Guys Hosp Rep. 1928;78:279–93.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Rehrer NJ, McLaughlin J, Wasse LK. Importance of gastrointestinal function to athletic performance and health. In: Maughan RJ, editor. The encyclopaedia of sports medicine: an IOC medical commission publication, volume xix, sports nutrition. Chichester: Wiley; 2014. p. 526–38.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Jeukendrup AE, Vet-Joop K, Sturk A, et al. Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men. Clin Sci. 2000;98(1):47–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Riddoch C, Trinick T. Gastrointestinal disturbances in marathon runners. Br J Sports Med. 1988;22(2):71–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Rowell LB, Blackmon JR, Bruce RA. Indocyanine green clearance and estimated hepatic blood flow during mild to maximal exercise in upright man. J Clin Invest. 1964;43(8):1677–90.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mitchell JB, Voss KW. The influence of volume on gastric emptying and fluid balance during prolonged exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(3):314–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Vist GE, Maughan RJ. The effect of osmolality and carbohydrate content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in man. J Physiol. 1995;486(Pt 2):523–31.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Velchik MG, Reynolds JC, Alavi A. The effect of meal energy content on gastric emptying. J Nucl Med. 1989;30(6):1106–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Vist GE, Maughan RJ. Gastric emptying of ingested solutions in man: effect of beverage glucose concentration. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(10):1269–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Noakes TD, Rehrer NJ, Maughan RJ. The importance of volume in regulating gastric emptying. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991;23(3):307–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Brouns F, Saris WHM, Rehrer NJ. Abdominal complaints and gastrointestinal function during long-lasting exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1987;8:175–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chey WD, Shapiro B, Zawadski A, et al. Gastric emptying characteristics of a novel c-13-octanoate-labeled muffin meal. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;32(5):394–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Brown BP, Ketelaar MA, Schulze-Delrieu K, et al. Strenous exercise decrease motility and cross-sectional area of human gastric antrum. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39(5):940–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Lu CL, Shidler N, Chen JD. Enhanced postprandial gastric myoelectrical activity after moderate-intensity exercise. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(2):425–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kato M, Sakai T, Yabe K, et al. Gastric myoelectrical activity increases after moderate-intensity exercise with no meals under suppressed vagal nerve activity. Jpn J Physiol. 2004;54(3):221–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rehrer NJ, Meijer GA. Biomechanical vibration of the abdominal region during running and bicycling. J Sports Med Phys Fitn. 1991;31:231–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Qamar M, Read A. Effects of exercise on mesenteric blood flow in man. Gut. 1987;28(5):583–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Moses FM. The effects of exercise on the gastrointestinal tract. Sports Med. 1990;9:159–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Brouns F. Etiology of gastrointestinal disturbances during endurance events. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1991;1:66–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Robinson BF, Epstein SE, Beiser GD, et al. Control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system: studies in man on the interrelation between baroreceptor mechanisms and exercise. Circ Res. 1966;19(2):400–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lu C-L, Shidler N, Chen JDZ. Enhanced postprandial gastric myoelectrical activity after moderate-intensity exercise. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(2):425–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Park M-I, Camilleri M. Gastric motor and sensory functions in obesity. Obesity. 2005;13(3):491–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Sepple CP, Read NW. Gastrointestinal correlates of the development of hunger in man. Appetite. 1989;13(3):183–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, et al. Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium. Gut. 1992;33(8):1042–3.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Nair NS, Brennan IM, Little TJ, et al. Reproducibility of energy intake, gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin and cholecystokinin responses in healthy young males. Br J Nutr. 2009;101(7):1094–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Delgado-Aros S, Camilleri M, Cremonini F, et al. Contributions of gastric volumes and gastric emptying to meal size and postmeal symptoms in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(6):1685–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Carlson AJ. The control of hunger in health and disease. Chicago University Press; 1916.

  99. Stensel D. Exercise, appetite and appetite-regulating hormones: implications for food intake and weight control. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57(2):36–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Martins C, Morgan L, Truby H. A review of the effects of exercise on appetite regulation: an obesity perspective. Int J Obes. 2008;32(9):1337–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Jones KL, Doran SM, Hveem K, et al. Relation between postprandial satiation and antral area in normal subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(1):127–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Santangelo A, Peracchi M, Conte D, et al. Physical state of meal affects gastric emptying, cholecystokinin release and satiety. Br J Nutr. 1998;80(6):521–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Shorten AL, Wallman KE, Guelfi KJ. Acute effect of environmental temperature during exercise on subsequent energy intake in active men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1215–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. George JD. New clinical method for measuring the rate of gastric emptying: the double sampling test meal. Gut. 1968;9(2):237–42.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Rehrer N, Brouns F, Beckers E, et al. Gastric emptying with repeated drinking during running and bicycling. Int J Sports Med. 1990;11(03):238–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Sole CC, Noakes TD. Faster gastric emptying for glucose-polymer and fructose solutions than for glucose in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1989;58(6):605–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. King NA, Hopkins M, Caudwell P, et al. Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss. Int J Obes. 2008;32(1):177–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Stacher G, Granser GV, Bergmann H, et al. Slow gastric emptying induced by high fat content of meal accelerated by cisapride administered rectally. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36(9):1259–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

No sources of funding were used in the preparation of this manuscript. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review. KH and MS conceived the study, conducted the literature review, extracted and reviewed the data, prepared the tables and wrote the initial manuscript. MS performed the meta-analysis and prepared the figures. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Matthew M. Schubert

    Present address: Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Physical Activity and Weight Management, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Katy M. Horner & Neil A. King

  2. Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Katy M. Horner

  3. School of Allied Health Sciences and Research Centre for Health Practice Innovation, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia

    Matthew M. Schubert & Ben Desbrow

  4. Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia

    Nuala M. Byrne

Authors
  1. Katy M. Horner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew M. Schubert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ben Desbrow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nuala M. Byrne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Neil A. King
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew M. Schubert.

Additional information

K. M. Horner and M. M. Schubert contributed equally to this work.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 22 kb)

Supplementary material 2 (DOCX 39 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Horner, K.M., Schubert, M.M., Desbrow, B. et al. Acute Exercise and Gastric Emptying: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Appetite Control. Sports Med 45, 659–678 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0285-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0285-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation