Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prediction of cardiovascular risk in a rural Indian population using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts: a community-based cross-sectional study

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Drugs & Therapy Perspectives Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk can be predicted using World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) risk prediction charts in heterogeneous settings. The study aimed to estimate the risk of CVD in a rural village in Tamil Nadu, India.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted in a village using healthcare services provided by the Sri Ramachandra Medical College. Human institutional ethics committee approval was obtained. The required data were collected in a specially designed data collection form. WHO/ISH risk prediction charts for the South-East Asian region were used to calculate the CVD risk among the study subjects.

Results

A total of 432 participants aged > 40 years were included in the study. The majority of participants were female, illiterate, semi-skilled/unemployed and of upper-lower/lower socioeconomic status (SES). Of the 432 participants, 80.32% had a low risk, 13.42% had a moderate risk and 6.25% had a high risk of CVD. Significant differences were observed between the risk groups with respect to waist circumference, smoking status and SES (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Only 6% of the population had a high risk of CVD based on WHO/ISH risk scores. The present study reports a low burden of CVD risk in rural Tamil Nadu.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gupta R, Guptha S, Sharma KK, et al. Regional variations in cardiovascular risk factors in India: India heart watch. World J Cardiol. 2012;4(4):112–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gupta R, Gupta VP. Meta-analysis of coronary heart disease prevalence in India. Indian Heart J. 1996;48:241–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Krishnaswami S, Joseph G, Richard J. Demands on tertiary care for cardiovascular diseases in India: analysis of data for 1960–89. Bull World Health Organ. 1991;69:325–30.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Reddy KS, Yusuf S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation. 1998;97:596–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Singh T, Sharma S, Nagesh S. Socio economic status scales updated for 2017. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017;5(7):3264–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Patel DN, Singh MP. Comparison of anthropometric indicator of general obesity (BMI) to anthropometric indicators of central obesity (WC, WHR) in relation to diabetes mellitus in male population. Natl J Community Med. 2013;4:377–80.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gupta R, Gupta VP, Sarna M, et al. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-2. Indian Heart J. 2002;54:59–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Joseph A, Kutty VR, Soman CR. High risk for coronary heart disease in Thiruvananthapuram city: a study of serum lipids and other risk factors. Indian Heart J. 2000;52:29–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chow CK, Raju PK, Raju R, et al. The prevalence and management of diabetes in rural India. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1717–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Mendis S, Lindholm LH, Anderson SG, et al. Total cardiovascular risk approach to improve efficiency of cardiovascular prevention in resource constrain settings. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1451–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Muninarayana C, Balachandra G, Hiremath SG, et al. Prevalence and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus in rural Tamaka, Kolar. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2010;30:18–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Subburam R, Sankarapandian M, Gopinath DR, et al. Prevalence of hypertension and correlates among adults of 45-60 years in a rural area of Tamil Nadu. Indian J Public Health. 2009;53:37–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kinra S, Bowen LJ, Lyngdoh T, et al. Sociodemographic patterning of noncommunicable disease risk factors in rural India: a cross sectional study. BMJ. 2010;341:c4974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dugee O, Oum S, Buckley BS, et al. Assessment of total cardiovascular risk using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts in three low and middle income countries in Asia. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ferket BS, Colkesen EB, Visser JJ, et al. Systematic review of guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment: which recommendations should clinicians follow for a cardiovascular health check? Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:27–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Koju R, Gurung R, Pant P, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular disease in suburban population of 3 municipalities in Nepal. Nepal Heart J. 2011;8:3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Largest-ever risk factor study in India identifies cardiovascular disease epidemic causes: Heart Disease news [Internet]. [Cited 2017 Mar 9]. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-04/whf-lrf041612.php. Accessed 7 Sept 2017.

  18. Ramachandran A, Mary S, Yamuna A, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in India. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):893–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. National Health Profile 2010: health status indicators. [Cited 2017 Mar 9]. http://cbhidghs.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=1125&sublinkid=929. Accessed 12 Nov 2017.

  20. Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Achari V, et al. Normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension in urban middle-class subjects in India: prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(1):83–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Shrivastava SR, Ghorpade AG, Shrivastava PS. A community-based cross-sectional study of cardiovascular risk in a rural community of Puducherry. Heart Views. 2015;16:131–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ghorpade AG, Shrivastava SR, Kar SS, et al. Estimation of the cardiovascular risk using World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) risk prediction charts in a rural population of South India. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4:531–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bandela PV, Dongre NN, Ambekar JG, et al. Assessment of cardiovascluar risk of rural population in Kurnool District using WHO/ISH multivariable risk prediction algorithm. J Pharm Sci Res. 2016;8:338–42.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Norman G, George C, Krishnamurthy A, et al. Burden of cardiovascular risk factors of a rural population in South India using the WHO multivariable risk prediction algorithm. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3:764–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Rajanandh MG, Suresh S, Manobala K, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular risk in cancer patients of South India using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts and Framingham score: a prospective study. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155217707334.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

M.G. Rajanandh is thankful to Prof. S.P. Thyagarajan, Professor of Eminence and Dean Research, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Deemed University, Chennai for his guidance and motivation of research. The authors would like to thank A. Divya and R.K. Divyasree (PharmD Interns, 2017) and G. Revathy (Pharmacist at Vayalanallur) for their help in data collection.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India

    B. R. Venkhat Balaji, M. G. Rajanandh & P. Seenivasan

  2. Department of Paediatrics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 116, India

    N. Udayakumar

Authors
  1. B. R. Venkhat Balaji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. G. Rajanandh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. Udayakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. Seenivasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. G. Rajanandh.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding the content of this article.

Funding

Venkhat Balaji B.R. received a grant under the Chancellor’s Summer Research Fellowships for Under Graduate Students for the year 2016 from Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Deemed to be University.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Balaji, B.R.V., Rajanandh, M.G., Udayakumar, N. et al. Prediction of cardiovascular risk in a rural Indian population using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts: a community-based cross-sectional study. Drugs Ther Perspect 34, 386–391 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-018-0515-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-018-0515-1

Search

Navigation