Skip to main content
Log in

Ocular Toxicity of Targeted Anticancer Agents

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 15 February 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

The proliferation of targeted anticancer agents over the last two decades has revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival in many previously refractory malignancies. However, many agents are associated with characteristic ophthalmic adverse effects. It is important that ophthalmologists recognize and maintain a high index of suspicion for these side effects in patients on targeted therapy. Most ophthalmic adverse effects can be treated with specific ocular therapy without discontinuation of cancer treatment, although it is important to be aware of the life-threatening and vision-threatening circumstances that would require therapy cessation in conjunction with the patient’s oncologist. This review aims to summarize the ophthalmic adverse effects of targeted and hormonal anticancer agents and briefly describe their management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70(1):7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Rehman FU, Al-Waeel M, Naz SS, Shah KU. Anticancer therapeutics: a brief account on wide refinements. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10(11):3599–621.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Dembic Z. Antitumor drugs and their targets. Molecules. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235776.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, Sato T, Shields JA. CHECKPOINT INHIBITOR IMMUNE THERAPY: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects. Retina. 2018;38(6):1063–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fortes BH, Liou H, Dalvin LA. Ophthalmic adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: the Mayo Clinic experience. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Services USDoHaH. Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE). 2017. https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/CTCAE_v5_Quick_Reference_5x7.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2021.

  7. Braicu B, Busuioc D, Gulei R, et al. A comprehensive review on MAPK: a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Cancers. 2019;11(10):1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101618.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Mekinist (Trametinib) [Prescribing Information]. East Hanover: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Genentech USA, Inc. Cotellic (Cobimetinib) [Prescribing Information]. San Francisco: Genentech USA, Inc.; 2015.

  10. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Koselugo (Selumetinib) [Prescribing Information]. Wilmington: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Array BioPharma Inc.. Mektovi (Binimetinib) [Prescribing Information]. Boulder: Array BioPharma Inc.; 2018.

  12. Méndez-Martínez S, Calvo P, Ruiz-Moreno O, Pardiñas Barón N, Leciñena Bueno J, Gil Ruiz MDR, et al. Ocular adverse events associated with MEK inhibitors. Retina. 2019;39(8):1435–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/iae.0000000000002451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Stjepanovic N, Velazquez-Martin JP, Bedard PL. Ocular toxicities of MEK inhibitors and other targeted therapies. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(6):998–1005. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. de la Cruz-Merino L, Di Guardo L, Grob JJ, Venosa A, Larkin J, McArthur GA, et al. Clinical features of serous retinopathy observed with cobimetinib in patients with BRAF-mutated melanoma treated in the randomized coBRIM study. J Transl Med. 2017;15(1):146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1246-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Urner-Bloch U, Urner M, Jaberg-Bentele N, Frauchiger AL, Dummer R, Goldinger SM. MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy (MEKAR) in metastatic melanoma: long-term ophthalmic effects. Eur J Cancer. 2016;65:130–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Urner-Bloch U, Urner M, Stieger P, Galliker N, Winterton N, Zubel A, et al. Transient MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(7):1437–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. van Dijk EH, van Herpen CM, Marinkovic M, Haanen JB, Amundson D, Luyten GP, et al. Serous retinopathy associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition (Binimetinib) for metastatic cutaneous and uveal melanoma. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(9):1907–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.05.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Weber ML, Liang MC, Flaherty KT, Heier JS. Subretinal fluid associated with MEK inhibitor use in the treatment of systemic cancer. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(8):855–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.0090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Albertini GC, Corbelli E, Battaglia Parodi M, Bandello F. Choroidal neovascularization in multifocal choroiditis after dabrafenib and trametinib. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2017;27(6):e184–6. https://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5001013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Boutros A, Schiavi C, Cecchi F, Spagnolo F, Guadagno A, Tanda ET, et al. Case report: immune-related toxicity during adjuvant treatment with BRAF plus MEK inhibitors in a melanoma patient. Front Immunol. 2020;11:579523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.579523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Brambati M, Giuffrè C, Marchese A, Bandello F, Modorati GM, Miserocchi E. A case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like uveitis secondary to dabrafenib/trametinib therapy for advanced melanoma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020:1120672120962044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672120962044.

  22. Diamantopoulos PT, Stoungioti S, Anastasopoulou A, Papaxoinis G, Gogas H. Incomplete Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease following treatment with encorafenib and binimetinib for metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2018;28(6):648–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/cmr.0000000000000505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Draganova D, Kerger J, Caspers L, Willermain F. Severe bilateral panuveitis during melanoma treatment by Dabrafenib and Trametinib. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2015;5:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-015-0049-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Fujimura T, Kambayashi Y, Tanita K, Sato Y, Hidaka T, Otsuka A, et al. HLA-DRB1*04:05 in two cases of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease-like uveitis developing from an advanced melanoma patient treated by sequential administration of nivolumab and dabrafenib/trametinib therapy. J Dermatol. 2018;45(6):735–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Joshi L, Karydis A, Gemenetzi M, Shao EH, Taylor SR. Uveitis as a result of MAP kinase pathway inhibition. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2013;4(3):279–82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000357060.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Lim J, Lomax AJ, McNeil C, Harrisberg B. Uveitis and papillitis in the setting of dabrafenib and trametinib therapy for metastatic melanoma: a case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(4):628–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2016.1246666.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mozo Cuadrado M, Tabuenca Del Barrio L, Compains SE. Bilateral drug-induced uveitis and epiretinal membrane during the treatment of a metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2019.1685111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Niro A, Recchimurzo N, Sborgia A, Guida M, Alessio G. Bilateral ischemic retinal vasculitis in metastatic cutaneous melanoma patient treated with dabrafenib and trametinib: a case report. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(5):783–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2016.1261166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sarny S, Neumayer M, Kofler J, El-Shabrawi Y. Ocular toxicity due to trametinib and dabrafenib. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17(1):146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-017-0541-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Genentech USA, Inc. Zelboraf (Vemurafenib) [Prescribing Information]. San Francisco: Genentech USA, Inc.; 2016.

  31. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Tafinlar (Dabrafenib) [Prescribing Information]. East Hanover: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Array BioPharma Inc. Braftovi (Encorafenib) [Prescribing Information]. Boulder: Array BioPharma Inc.; 2020.

  33. Choe CH, McArthur GA, Caro I, Kempen JH, Amaravadi RK. Ocular toxicity in BRAF mutant cutaneous melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(4):831-7.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.07.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Agemy SA, Mehta AN, Pachydaki SI, Tewari A. Bilateral panuveitis in a patient on vemurafenib BRAF inhibitor therapy for stage IV melanoma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014;24(4):629–32. https://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Apivatthakakul A, Kunavisarut P, Rothova A, Pathanapitoon K. Development of Acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like syndrome during the treatment course with vemurafenib for metastatic melanoma. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(3):505–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2019.1597896.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Eser Öztürk H, Süllü Y. Sarcoid-like granulomatous intraocular inflammation caused by vemurafenib treatment for metastatic melanoma. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2020;50(1):50–2. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.galenos.2019.79026.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Fusumae T, Kamiya K, Maekawa T, Komine M, Murata S, Inoda S, et al. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease-like uveitis induced by vemurafenib for metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma. J Dermatol. 2018;45(6):e159–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.14200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Guedj M, Quéant A, Funck-Brentano E, Kramkimel N, Lellouch J, Monnet D, et al. Uveitis in patients with late-stage cutaneous melanoma treated with vemurafenib. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(12):1421–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.3024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sızmaz S, Görkemli N, Esen E, Demircan N. A rare cause of uveitis: vemurafenib. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2018;48(6):323–5. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjo.95914.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Wolf SE, Meenken C, Moll AC, Haanen JB, van der Heijden MS. Severe pan-uveitis in a patient treated with vemurafenib for metastatic melanoma. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:561. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-561.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, Rutkowski P, Mackiewicz A, Stroiakovski D, et al. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(1):30–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1412690.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tyagi P, Santiago C. New features in MEK retinopathy. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(Suppl 1):221. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0861-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Anforth R, Fernandez-Peñas P, Long GV. Cutaneous toxicities of RAF inhibitors. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(1):e11–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70413-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Yin VT, Wiraszka TA, Tetzlaff M, Curry JL, Esmaeli B. Cutaneous eyelid neoplasms as a toxicity of vemurafenib therapy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;31(4):e112–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/iop.0000000000000140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Torres-Navarro I, de Unamuno-Bustos B, Botella-Estrada R. Systematic review of BRAF/MEK inhibitors-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16894.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Yervoy (Ipilimumab) Injection [Prescribing Information]. Princeton: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Merck & Company Inc. Keytruda (Pembrolizumab) for Injection [Prescribing Information]. Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co, Inc; 2020.

  48. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Opdivo (Nivolumab) Injection [Prescribing Information]. Princeton: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Genentech Inc. Tecentriq (Atezolizumab) Injection [Prescribing Information]. South San Francisco: Genentech, Inc; 2019.

  50. EMD Serono Inc. Bavencio (Avelumab) Injection, for Intravenous Use [Prescribing Information]. Rockland: EMD Serono, Inc and Pfizer, Inc; 2019.

  51. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Imfinzi (Durvalumab) Injection, for Intravenous Use [Prescribing Information]. Wilmington: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Regeneron. Libtayo (Cemiplimab) Injection [Prescribing Information]. Tarrytown: Regeneron 2020.

  53. Abdel-Rahman O, Oweira H, Petrausch U, Helbling D, Schmidt J, Mannhart M, et al. Immune-related ocular toxicities in solid tumor patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2017;17(4):387–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737140.2017.1296765.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cappelli LC, Gutierrez AK, Bingham CO 3rd, Shah AA. Rheumatic and musculoskeletal immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review of the literature. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(11):1751–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23177.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Gibney GT, Kudchadkar RR, DeConti RC, Thebeau MS, Czupryn MP, Tetteh L, et al. Safety, correlative markers, and clinical results of adjuvant nivolumab in combination with vaccine in resected high-risk metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(4):712–20. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-14-2468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hamid O, Robert C, Daud A, Hodi FS, Hwu WJ, Kefford R, et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):134–44. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1305133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Herbst RS, Baas P, Kim DW, Felip E, Pérez-Gracia JL, Han JY, et al. Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1540–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01281-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hodi FS, Lawrence D, Lezcano C, Wu X, Zhou J, Sasada T, et al. Bevacizumab plus ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014;2(7):632–42. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.Cir-14-0053.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, et al. Pembrolizumab versus Ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2521–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1503093.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Weber J, Gibney G, Kudchadkar R, Yu B, Cheng P, Martinez AJ, et al. Phase I/II study of metastatic melanoma patients treated with nivolumab who had progressed after ipilimumab. Cancer Immunol Res. 2016;4(4):345–53. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.Cir-15-0193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Weber JS, Kähler KC, Hauschild A. Management of immune-related adverse events and kinetics of response with ipilimumab. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(21):2691–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.41.6750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zimmer L, Vaubel J, Mohr P, Hauschild A, Utikal J, Simon J, et al. Phase II DeCOG-study of ipilimumab in pretreated and treatment-naïve patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0118564. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118564.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Baughman DM, Lee CS, Snydsman BE, Jung HC. Bilateral uveitis and keratitis following nivolumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. Med Case Rep (Wilmington). 2017. https://doi.org/10.21767/2471-8041.100044.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Kim JM, Materin MA, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Weiss S, Chow J, et al. Ophthalmic immune-related adverse events of immunotherapy: a single-site case series. Ophthalmology. 2019;126(7):1058–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.01.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Le Fournis S, Gohier P, Urban T, Jeanfaivre T, Hureaux J. Corneal graft rejection in a patient treated with nivolumab for primary lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2016;102:28–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.10.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Losonczy G, Gijs M, Nuijts R. Nivolumab-induced ulcerative keratitis-a case report. Cornea. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000002460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Nguyen AT, Elia M, Materin MA, Sznol M, Chow J. Cyclosporine for dry eye associated with nivolumab: a case progressing to corneal perforation. Cornea. 2016;35(3):399–401. https://doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000000724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Oh JY. Autoimmune keratitis after atezolizumab treatment. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1468. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm1910925.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Papavasileiou E, Prasad S, Freitag SK, Sobrin L, Lobo AM. Ipilimumab-induced ocular and orbital inflammation–a case series and review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(2):140–6. https://doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2014.1001858.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Parker JS, Feagin W, Wang C, Heersink M, Parker JS. Corneal ulceration associated with nivolumab use. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2019;14:26–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.01.013.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Vanhonsebrouck E, Van De Walle M, Lybaert W, Kruse V, Roels D. Bilateral corneal graft rejection associated with pembrolizumab treatment. Cornea. 2020;39(11):1436–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000002372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Voskens C, Cavallaro A, Erdmann M, Dippel O, Kaempgen E, Schuler G, et al. Anti-cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen-4-induced regression of spinal cord metastases in association with renal failure, atypical pneumonia, vision loss, and hearing loss. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(33):e356–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.41.4359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Weng CC, Wu CC, Lin PY. Corneal melting in a case undergoing treatment with pembrolizumab. Clin Exp Optom. 2020;103(3):379–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bitton K, Michot JM, Barreau E, Lambotte O, Haigh O, Marabelle A, et al. Prevalence and clinical patterns of ocular complications associated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 anticancer immunotherapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;202:109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Andrade RA, Moll-Udina A, Martin R, Cilveti E, Subirà O, Disfetano L, et al. Retinal vasculitis secondary to durvalumab. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2020;11(2):161–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000507609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Aaberg MT, Aaberg TM Jr. Pembrolizumab administration associated with posterior uveitis. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2017;11(4):348–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Abu Samra K, Valdes-Navarro M, Lee S, Swan R, Foster CS, Anesi SD. A case of bilateral uveitis and papillitis in a patient treated with pembrolizumab. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2016;26(3):e46–8. https://doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5000724.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Conrady CD, Larochelle M, Pecen P, Palestine A, Shakoor A, Singh A. Checkpoint inhibitor-induced uveitis: a case series. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256(1):187–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-017-3835-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Dow ER, Yung M, Tsui E. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated uveitis: review of treatments and outcomes. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1781902.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kwon ED, Drake CG, Scher HI, Fizazi K, Bossi A, van den Eertwegh AJ, et al. Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(7):700–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70189-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Manusow JS, Khoja L, Pesin N, Joshua AM, Mandelcorn ED. Retinal vasculitis and ocular vitreous metastasis following complete response to PD-1 inhibition in a patient with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2014;2(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-014-0041-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Moorthy RS, Moorthy MS, Cunningham ET Jr. Drug-induced uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(6):588–603. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Numata S, Iwata Y, Okumura R, Arima M, Kobayashi T, Watanabe S, et al. Bilateral anterior uveitis and unilateral facial palsy due to ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma in an individual with human leukocyte antigen DR4: a case report. J Dermatol. 2018;45(1):113–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13779.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Parikh RA, Chaon BC, Berkenstock MK. Ocular complications of checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapeutic agents: a case series. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1766082.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Sun MMP, Levinson RM, Filipowicz AD, Anesi SM, Kaplan HM, Wang WMP, et al. Uveitis in patients treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1 checkpoint blockade inhibition. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(2):217–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2019.1577978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Tsui E, Madu A, Belinsky I, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB, Modi YS. Combination ipilimumab and nivolumab for metastatic melanoma associated with ciliochoroidal effusion and exudative retinal detachment. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135(12):1455–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.4872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, Postow MA, Rizvi NA, Lesokhin AM, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):122–33. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1302369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Yu CW, Yau M, Mezey N, Joarder I, Micieli JA. Neuro-ophthalmic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Eye Brain. 2020;12:139–67. https://doi.org/10.2147/eb.S277760.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Betrains A, Blockmans DE. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis occurring in a patient after treatment with nivolumab. J Clin Rheumatol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0000000000001012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Goldstein BL, Gedmintas L, Todd DJ. Drug-associated polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis occurring in two patients after treatment with ipilimumab, an antagonist of ctla-4. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(3):768–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Chow KL, Perju-Dumbrava L, Malhotra A, Olesen I, Briggs P. Giant cell arteritis secondary to combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in metastatic pleural mesothelioma. Neurol Asia. 2020;25(1):87–8.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Micaily I, Chernoff M. An unknown reaction to pembrolizumab: giant cell arteritis. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(10):2621–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Narala R, Reddy SA, Mruthyunjaya P. Giant cell arteritis manifesting as retinal arterial occlusion and paracentral acute middle maculopathy in a patient on pembrolizumab for metastatic uveal melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;20:100891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100891.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Touat M, Maisonobe T, Knauss S, Ben Hadj Salem O, Hervier B, Auré K et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myositis and myocarditis in patients with cancer. Neurology. 2018;91(10):e985–94. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006124.

  95. Maloney NJ, Ravi V, Cheng K, Bach DQ, Worswick S. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis-like reactions to checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(6):e183–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Tremont A, Lu J, Cole JT. Endocrine therapy for early breast cancer: updated review. Ochsner J. 2017;17(4):405–11.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Krauss K, Stickeler E. Endocrine therapy in early breast cancer. Breast Care. 2020;15(4):337–46. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509362.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. An KC. Selective estrogen receptor modulators. Asian Spine J. 2016;10(4):787–91. https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2016.10.4.787.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Midatech Pharma US Inc. Soltamox (Tamoxifen) [Prescribing Information]. Raleigh: Midatech Pharma US Inc; 2018.

  100. Eli Lilly and Company. Evista (Raloxifene) [Prescribing Information]. Indianapolis: Eli Lilly and Company; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Kyowa Kirin Inc. Fareston (Toremifene) [Prescribing Information]. Bedminster: Kyowa Kirin Inc; 2017.

  102. Dulley P. Ocular adverse reactions to tamoxifen–a review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1999;19(Suppl 1):S2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0275-5408(98)00084-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Noureddin BN, Seoud M, Bashshur Z, Salem Z, Shamseddin A, Khalil A. Ocular toxicity in low-dose tamoxifen: a prospective study. Eye (Lond). 1999;13(Pt 6):729–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1999.217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Pavlidis NA, Petris C, Briassoulis E, Klouvas G, Psilas C, Rempapis J et al. Clear evidence that long-term, low-dose tamoxifen treatment can induce ocular toxicity. A prospective study of 63 patients. Cancer. 1992;69(12):2961-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920615)69:12<2961::aid-cncr2820691215>3.0.co;2-w.

  105. Muftuoglu O, Uçakhan OO, Kanpolat A. Clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy findings in patients receiving tamoxifen citrate. Eye Contact Lens. 2006;32(5):228–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.icl.0000201396.74294.85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tang R, Shields J, Schiffman J, Li H, Locher D, Hampton J, et al. Retinal changes associated with tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer. Eye (Lond). 1997;11(Pt 3):295–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.1997.64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Kim HA, Lee S, Eah KS, Yoon YH. Prevalence and risk factors of tamoxifen retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(4):555–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.10.038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Demirci NS, Erdem GU, Uçgun N, Bozkaya Y, Ozdemir NY, Dogan M, et al. A rare case: branch retinal vein occlusion associated with the use of tamoxifen. J Cancer Res Ther. 2019;15(3):722–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.204888.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Onder H, Kilic AC, Kose SA, Karatas A, Kaya E, Kaya M, et al. Branch retinal vein occlusion associated with tamoxifen use. Semin Ophthalmol. 2013;28(2):88–90. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820538.2012.760618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Gorin MB, Day R, Costantino JP, Fisher B, Redmond CK, Wickerham L, et al. Long-term tamoxifen citrate use and potential ocular toxicity. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;125(4):493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)80190-1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Parkkari M, Paakkala AM, Salminen L, Holli K. Ocular side-effects in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen and toremifene: a randomized follow-up study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2003;81(5):495–9. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0420.2003.00116.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Faslodex (Fulvestrant) [Prescribing Information]. Wilmington: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Amir E, Seruga B, Niraula S, Carlsson L, Ocaña A. Toxicity of adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(17):1299-309. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djr242.

  114. (EBCTCG) EBCTCG. Aromatase inhibitors versus tamoxifen in early breast cancer: patient-level meta-analysis of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;386(10001):1341–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61074-1.

  115. AstraZenaca Pharmaceuticals LP. ARIMIDEX (Anastrozole) [Prescribing Information]. Wilmington: AstraZenaca Pharmaceuticals LP; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Femara (Letrozole) [Prescribing Information]. East Hanover: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. Aromasin (Exemestane) [Prescribing Information]. New York: Pharmacia & Upjohn Co; 2020.

  118. Chatziralli I, Sergentanis T, Zagouri F, Chrysikos D, Ladas I, Zografos GC, et al. Ocular surface disease in breast cancer patients using aromatase inhibitors. Breast J. 2016;22(5):561–3. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12633.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Inglis H, Boyle FM, Friedlander ML, Watson SL. Dry eyes and AIs: If you don’t ask you won’t find out. Breast. 2015;24(6):694–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2015.08.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Turaka K, Nottage JM, Hammersmith KM, Nagra PK, Rapuano CJ. Dry eye syndrome in aromatase inhibitor users. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013;41(3):239–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02865.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Eisner A, Falardeau J, Toomey MD, Vetto JT. Retinal hemorrhages in anastrozole users. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(5):301–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31816bea3b.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Karagöz B, Ayata A, Bilgi O, Uzun G, Unal M, Kandemir EG, et al. Hemicentral retinal artery occlusion in a breast cancer patient using anastrozole. Onkologie. 2009;32(7):421–3. https://doi.org/10.1159/000218369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Bhatti MT, Salama AKS. Neuro-ophthalmic side effects of molecularly targeted cancer drugs. Eye (Lond). 2018;32(2):287–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ho WL, Wong H, Yau T. The ophthalmological complications of targeted agents in cancer therapy: what do we need to know as ophthalmologists? Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(7):604–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02518.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Rossari F, Minutolo F, Orciuolo E. Past, present, and future of Bcr-Abl inhibitors: from chemical development to clinical efficacy. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-018-0624-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Breccia M, Gentilini F, Cannella L, Latagliata R, Carmosino I, Frustaci A, et al. Ocular side effects in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with imatinib. Leuk Res. 2008;32(7):1022–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2007.10.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Schlemmer M, Bauer S, Schutte R, Hartmann JT, Bokemeyer C, Hosius C, et al. Activity and side effects of imatinib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: data from a German multicenter trial. Eur J Med Res. 2011;16(5):206–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783x-16-5-206.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. van Oosterom AT, Judson I, Verweij J, Stroobants S, Donato di Paola E, Dimitrijevic S et al. Safety and efficacy of imatinib (STI571) in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a phase I study. Lancet. 2001;358(9291):1421–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06535-7.

  129. Esmaeli B, Prieto VG, Butler CE, Kim SK, Ahmadi MA, Kantarjian HM, et al. Severe periorbital edema secondary to STI571 (Gleevec). Cancer. 2002;95(4):881–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Fraunfelder FW, Solomon J, Druker BJ, Esmaeli B, Kuyl J. Ocular side-effects associated with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2003;19(4):371–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/108076803322279426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. McClelland CM, Harocopos GJ, Custer PL. Periorbital edema secondary to imatinib mesylate. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:427–31. https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s8521.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Qiu HB, Zhuang W, Wu T, Xin S, Lin CZ, Ruan HL, et al. Imatinib-induced ophthalmological side-effects in GIST patients are associated with the variations of EGFR, SLC22A1, SLC22A5 and ABCB1. Pharmacogenom J. 2018;18(3):460–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2017.40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Masood I, Negi A, Dua HS. Imatinib as a cause of cystoid macular edema following uneventful phacoemulsification surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31(12):2427–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2005.10.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kusumi E, Arakawa A, Kami M, Kato D, Yuji K, Kishi Y, et al. Visual disturbance due to retinal edema as a complication of imatinib. Leukemia. 2004;18(6):1138–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2403364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Georgalas I, Pavesio C, Ezra E. Bilateral cystoid macular edema in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia under treatment with imanitib mesylate: report of an unusual side effect. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;245(10):1585–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-007-0600-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Govind Babu K, Attili VS, Bapsy PP, Anupama G. Imatinib-induced optic neuritis in a patient of chronic myeloid leukemia. Int Ophthalmol. 2007;27(1):43–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-007-9038-9 (Epub 2007 Apr 5).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Rotstein DL, Sawicka K, Bharatha A, Montalban X, Lipton JH. CNS demyelination after initiating the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib: A report of two cases. Mult Scler. 2020;26(9):1121–4. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458519892914 (Epub 2019 Dec 17).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Rafei H, Jabbour EJ, Kantarjian H, Sinicrope KD, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Mehta RS, et al. Neurotoxic events associated with BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a case series. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019;60(13):3292–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2019.1633635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Saglio G, Kim DW, Issaragrisil S, le Coutre P, Etienne G, Lobo C, et al. Nilotinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2251–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0912614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Moore DC, Muslimani A, Sinclair P. Nilotinib-induced ocular toxicity: a case report. Am J Ther. 2018;25(5):e570–1. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Talpaz M, Shah NP, Kantarjian H, Donato N, Nicoll J, Paquette R, et al. Dasatinib in imatinib-resistant Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(24):2531–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Monge KS, Galvez-Ruiz A, Alvarez-Carron A, Quijada C, Matheu A. Optic neuropathy secondary to dasatinib in the treatment of a chronic myeloid leukemia case. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2015;29(3):227–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2014.12.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Sharma S, Garg N, Ghiuzeli CM. Unusual case of dasatinib-associated acute bilateral hyphemas leading to blindness in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia. BMJ Case Rep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-225705.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Leroy E, Constantinescu SN. Rethinking JAK2 inhibition: towards novel strategies of more specific and versatile Janus kinase inhibition. Leukemia. 2017;31(12):2853. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2017.158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Wathes R, Moule S, Milojkovic D. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with ruxolitinib. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):197–8. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1302135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Reoma LB, Trindade CJ, Monaco MC, Solis J, Montojo MG, Vu P, et al. Fatal encephalopathy with wild-type JC virus and ruxolitinib therapy. Ann Neurol. 2019;86(6):878–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Ballesta B, Gonzalez H, Martin V, Ballesta JJ. Fatal ruxolitinib-related JC virus meningitis. J Neurovirol. 2017;23(5):783–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-017-0558-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Goldberg RA, Reichel E, Oshry LJ. Bilateral toxoplasmosis retinitis associated with ruxolitinib. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(7):681–3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1302895.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. von Hofsten J, Johnsson Forsberg M, Zetterberg M. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient who received ruxolitinib. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(3):296–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1413918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Eyal O, Flaschner M, Ben Yehuda A, Rund D. Varicella-zoster virus meningoencephalitis in a patient treated with ruxolitinib. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(5):E74–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Moruno-Rodriguez A, Sanchez-Vicente JL, Rueda-Rueda T, Lechon-Caballero B, Munoz-Morales A, Lopez-Herrero F. Invasive aspergillosis manifesting as retinal necrosis in a patient treated with ruxolitinib. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94(5):237–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftal.2018.12.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. FDA. Highlights of prescribing information.

  153. Liu LY, King BA. Response to tofacitinib therapy of eyebrows and eyelashes in alopecia areata. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1778–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Winthrop KL, Melmed GY, Vermeire S, Long MD, Chan G, Pedersen RD, et al. Herpes zoster infection in patients with ulcerative colitis receiving tofacitinib. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(10):2258–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy131.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Cugley DR, Darby J, Lim LL. Tofacitinib-associated cytomegalovirus retinitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(9):e35–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Yanagisawa K, Ogawa Y, Hosogai M, Todokoro D, Mitsui T, Yokohama A, et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis followed by immune recovery uveitis in an elderly patient with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing administration of methotrexate and tofacitinib combination therapy. J Infect Chemother. 2017;23(8):572–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2017.03.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Kobak S. Tofacitinib-induced Ramsay-Hunt syndrome in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Drug Saf. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886315999200819153827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Eli Lilly and Company. Olumiant (Baricitinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/207924s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  159. Lee JY, Gallo RA, Vu DM, Anagnostopoulos AG, Rong AJ. Fedratinib-induced orbital inflammation. Orbit. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2020.1852263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Winthrop K, Nash P, Yamaoka K, Mysler E, Calabrese L, Khan N, et al. THU0218 incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving upadacitinib. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(Suppl 1):335. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Daver N, Schlenk RF, Russell NH, Levis MJ. Targeting FLT3 mutations in AML: review of current knowledge and evidence. Leukemia. 2019;33(2):299–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-018-0357-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Wu M, Li C, Zhu X. FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-018-0675-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Oral anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and ocular adverse events. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2018;34(6):432–5. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2018.0019.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Li ZY, Fan XX, Wang YJ, Yao K, Liu ZW, Pan WT, et al. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the first report of unilateral fundus hemorrhage induced by sorafenib. Oncotarget. 2016;7(23):35181–7. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9285.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  165. Szczepanik S, Kecik D. Bilateral central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with disseminated metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2012;6(2):148–50. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0b013e3182160965.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Bhatia S, Moon J, Margolin KA, Weber JS, Lao CD, Othus M, et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma: SWOG S0512. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(11):e48787. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048787.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Kapiteijn E, Brand A, Kroep J, Gelderblom H. Sunitinib induced hypertension, thrombotic microangiopathy and reversible posterior leukencephalopathy syndrome. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(10):1745–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm454.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Chen A, Agarwal N. Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome associated with sunitinib. Intern Med J. 2009;39(5):341–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2009.01908.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Padhy BM, Shanmugam SP, Gupta YK, Goyal A. Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome in an elderly male on sunitinib therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(5):777–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03893.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Na S, Kim T. Optic neuritis associated with sunitinib. Neurol Sci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04713-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Yoong J, Chong G, Hamilton K. Bilateral papilledema on sunitinib therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol (Northwood, London, England). 2011;28(Suppl 1):S395–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-010-9719-5.

  172. Wegner A, Khoramnia R. Neurosensory retinal detachment due to sunitinib treatment. Eye (Lond). 2011;25(11):1517–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2011.200 ((Epub 2011 Aug 19)).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. Rydapt (Midostaurin) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/207997s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  174. Astellas Pharma US, Inc. Xospata (Gilteritinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/211349s001lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  175. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. Stivarga (Regorafenib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2013. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/204369lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  176. Joussen AM, Wolf S, Kaiser PK, Boyer D, Schmelter T, Sandbrink R, et al. The Developing regorafenib eye drops for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (DREAM) study: an open-label phase II trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;85(2):347–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13794 ((Epub 2018 Nov 25)).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Wen T, Wang J, Shi Y, Qian H, Liu P. Inhibitors targeting Bruton’s tyrosine kinase in cancers: drug development advances. Leukemia. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-020-01072-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  178. Byrd JC, Brown JR, O’Brien S, Barrientos JC, Kay NE, Reddy NM, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):213–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1400376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Kunkler AL, Binkley EM, Mantopoulos D, Hendershot AJ, Ohr MP, Kendra KL, et al. Known and novel ocular toxicities of biologics, targeted agents, and traditional chemotherapeutics. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2019;257(8):1771–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04337-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Mosna K, Ladicka M, Drgona L, Vranovska M, Hojsikova I, Tomasova R, et al. Ibrutinib treatment of mantle cell lymphoma complicated by progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;58(6):343–50. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP203663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Song Y, Zhou K, Zou D, Zhou J, Hu J, Yang H, et al. Treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory mantle-cell lymphoma with zanubrutinib, a selective inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(16):4216–24. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-3703 (Epub 2020 May 27).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Ayati A, Moghimi S, Salarinejad S, Safavi M, Pouramiri B, Foroumadi A. A review on progression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors as an efficient approach in cancer targeted therapy. Bioorg Chem. 2020;99:103811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Hager T, Seitz B. Ocular side effects of biological agents in oncology: what should the clinician be aware of? Onco Targets Ther. 2013;7:69–77. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S54606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  184. Fukuoka M, Yano S, Giaccone G, Tamura T, Nakagawa K, Douillard JY, et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of gefitinib for previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (The IDEAL 1 Trial) [corrected]. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(12):2237–46. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.10.038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Tullo AB, Esmaeli B, Murray PI, Bristow E, Forsythe BJ, Faulkner K. Ocular findings in patients with solid tumours treated with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (“Iressa”, ZD1839) in Phase I and II clinical trials. Eye (Lond). 2005;19(7):729–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701630.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Schütte W, Nagel S, Schaedlich S, Brust D, Blankenburg T. Clinical benefit in NSCLC: advanced-stage patients require symptom-improving palliation. Experiences from the “Iressa” expanded access program. Onkologie. 2005;28(4):195–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000084204 (Epub 2005 Mar 31).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Ibrahim E, Dean WH, Price N, Gomaa A, Ayre G, Guglani S, et al. Perforating corneal ulceration in a patient with lung metastatic adenocarcinoma treated with gefitinib: a case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2012;2012:379132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/379132 (Epub 2012 Dec 18).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  188. Shin E, Lim DH, Han J, Nam D-H, Park K, Ahn M-J, et al. Markedly increased ocular side effect causing severe vision deterioration after chemotherapy using new or investigational epidermal or fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-019-1285-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  189. Huang JJ, Ma SX, Hou X, Wang Z, Zeng YD, Qin T, et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis related to AP (pemetrexed plus cisplatin) and gefitinib combination therapy in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Chin J Cancer. 2015;34(2):94–8. https://doi.org/10.5732/cjc.014.10151 (Epub 2014 Nov 21).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  190. Choi HD, Chang MJ. Eye, hepatobiliary, and renal disorders of erlotinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(7):e0234818. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234818.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, Tan EH, Hirsh V, Thongprasert S, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(2):123–32. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050753.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Lee SM, Khan I, Upadhyay S, Lewanski C, Falk S, Skailes G, et al. First-line erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer unsuitable for chemotherapy (TOPICAL): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(11):1161–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70412-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Papadopoulos R, Chasapi V, Bachariou A. Trichomegaly induced by erlotinib. Orbit. 2008;27(4):329–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830802222936.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Borkar DS, Lacouture ME, Basti S. Spectrum of ocular toxicities from epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and their intermediate-term follow-up: a five-year review. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(4):1167–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1645-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Lane K, Goldstein SM. Erlotinib-associated trichomegaly. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):65–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e31802d9802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Carser JE, Summers YJ. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes after treatment with erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2006;1(9):1040–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Desai RU, Rachakonda LP, Saffra NA. Trichomegaly secondary to erlotinib. Can J Ophthalmol. 2009;44(6):e65. https://doi.org/10.3129/i09-158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Tamura M, Takai Y, Nakamura S, Ohira A. A case report of pseudo-exfoliation syndrome with prolonged corneal epithelial regeneration because of erlotinib-induced unilateral corneal ulcer and anterior uveitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Sobol EK, Ahmad S, Ibrahim K, Alfaro C, Pakett J, Esquenazi K, et al. Rapidly progressive streptococcus dysgalactiae corneal ulceration associated with erlotinib use in stage IV lung cancer. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;18:100630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100630.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  200. Guarnieri A, Alfonso-Bartolozzi B, Ciufo G, Moreno-Montanes J, Gil-Bazo I. Plasma rich in growth factors for the treatment of rapidly progressing refractory corneal melting due to erlotinib in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(22):e7000. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Saint-Jean A, Sainz de la Maza M, Morral M, Torras J, Quintana R, Molina JJ, et al. Ocular adverse events of systemic inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor: report of 5 cases. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(9):1798–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.03.002.

  202. Yoshioka H, Hotta K, Kiura K, Takigawa N, Hayashi H, Harita S, et al. A phase II trial of erlotinib monotherapy in pretreated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who do not possess active EGFR mutations: Okayama Lung Cancer Study Group trial 0705. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(1):99–104. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181c20063.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Zhou Z, Sambhav K, Chalam KV. Erlotinib-associated severe bilateral recalcitrant keratouveitis after corneal EDTA chelation. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2016;4:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.06.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  204. Hollhumer R, Moloney G, Jacob K. Corneal edema with a systemic epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor. Can J Ophthalmol. 2017;52(3):e96–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2016.11.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Asai N, Ohkuni Y, Yamaguchi E, Kaneko N. Successful treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with gefitinib after erlotinib-induced severe eyelid erosion: two case reports. J Cancer Res Ther. 2015;11(3):653. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.139392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Kau HC, Tsai CC. Erlotinib-related keratopathy in a patient underwent laser in situ keratomileusis. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2016;35(3):257–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2015.1072546 (Epub 2015 Aug 12).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Morishige N, Hatabe N, Morita Y, Yamada N, Kimura K, Sonoda KH. Spontaneous healing of corneal perforation after temporary discontinuation of erlotinib treatment. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2014;5(1):6–10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358082.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  208. Li M, Xiang J, Zhang C. When EGFR inhibitor meets autoimmune disease: severe corneal complications in a patient with Sjogren syndrome after erlotinib treatment. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672120958300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Rao V, Schneider E, Proia AD, Fekrat S. Development of bilateral acquired toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis during erlotinib therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(9):1150–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.1088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Salman A, Cerman E, Seckin D, Kanitez M. Erlotinib induced ectropion following papulopustular rash. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2015;9(2):46–8. https://doi.org/10.3315/jdcr.2015.1203(eCollection 2015 Jun 30).

  211. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Gilotrif (Afatinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/201292s014lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  212. Katakami N, Atagi S, Goto K, Hida T, Horai T, Inoue A, et al. LUX-Lung 4: a phase II trial of afatinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer who progressed during prior treatment with erlotinib, gefitinib, or both. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(27):3335–41. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.0981.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. McKelvie J, McLintock C, Elalfy M. Bilateral ulcerative keratitis associated with afatinib treatment for non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Cornea. 2019;38(3):384–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000001808.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Seiwert TY, Fayette J, Cupissol D, Del Campo JM, Clement PM, Hitt R, et al. A randomized, phase II study of afatinib versus cetuximab in metastatic or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(9):1813–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  215. Todokoro D, Itakura H, Ibe T, Kishi S. Anterior uveitis caused by ocular side effects of afatinib: a case report. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2016;7(1):74–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444047.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  216. Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc. Alunbrig (Brigatinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/208772s008lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  217. Camidge DR, Kim HR, Ahn MJ, Yang JCH, Han JY, Hochmair MJ, et al. Brigatinib versus crizotinib in advanced ALK inhibitor-naive ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer: second interim analysis of the phase III ALTA-1L trial. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(31):3592–603. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  218. Huber RM, Hansen KH, Paz-Ares Rodriguez L, West HL, Reckamp KL, Leighl NB, et al. Brigatinib in crizotinib-refractory ALK+ NSCLC: 2-year follow-up on systemic and intracranial outcomes in the phase 2 ALTA trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2020;15(3):404–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2019.11.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Kawakami H, Sugioka K, Yonesaka K, Satoh T, Shimomura Y, Nakagawa K. Human epidermal growth factor eyedrops for cetuximab-related filamentary keratitis. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(23):e678–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.35.0694 (Epub 2011 Jun 20).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Kurosaki T, Mitani S, Tanaka K, Suzuki S, Kanemura H, Haratani K, et al. Safety and efficacy of cetuximab-containing chemotherapy after immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a single-center retrospective study. Anticancer Drugs. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/CAD.0000000000001006.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  221. Foerster CG, Cursiefen C, Kruse FE. Persisting corneal erosion under cetuximab (Erbitux) treatment (epidermal growth factor receptor antibody). Cornea. 2008;27(5):612–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318166f483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Aomatsu K, Sugioka K, Kodama-Takahashi A, Fukuda M, Mishima H, Kusaka S. Corneal perforation during combination chemotherapy including cetuximab in a patient with a history of herpetic keratitis. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2020;2020:6802408. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6802408.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  223. Vano-Galvan S, Rios-Buceta L, Ma DL, Fernandez-Chacon C, Viera JC, Jaen P. Cetuximab-induced hypertrichosis of the scalp and eyelashes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(3):531–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.02.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Matos LV, Pissarra A, Malheiro M, Placido AN. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes induced by the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228968.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Melichar B, Nemcova I. Eye complications of cetuximab therapy. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2007;16(5):439–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00763.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Rodriguez NA, Ascaso FJ. Trichomegaly and poliosis of the eyelashes during cetuximab treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(18):e532–3. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.6858 (Epub 2011 Apr 11).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Koksal UI, Pilanci KN, Ordu C, Okutur K, Saglam S, Demir G. Trichomegaly induced by cetuximab: case series and review the literature. Am J Ther. 2016;23(5):e1226–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Bouche O, Brixi-Benmansour H, Bertin A, Perceau G, Lagarde S. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes following treatment with cetuximab. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(10):1711–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdi300 (Epub 2005 Jun 21).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Cohen PR, Escudier SM, Kurzrock R. Cetuximab-associated elongation of the eyelashes: case report and review of eyelash trichomegaly secondary to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(1):63–7. https://doi.org/10.2165/11531920-000000000-00000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Scofield-Kaplan S, Todaro J, Winn BJ. Reversible cicatricial ectropion associated with EGFR inhibitors. Orbit. 2018;37(5):364–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2017.1423342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Tagrisso (Osimertinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/208065s008lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  232. Shin E, Lim DH, Han J, Nam DH, Park K, Ahn MJ, et al. Markedly increased ocular side effect causing severe vision deterioration after chemotherapy using new or investigational epidermal or fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-019-1285-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  233. Chia PL, John T. Vortex keratopathy presumed secondary to AZD9291. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(12):1807–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0000000000000634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Wu YL, Cheng Y, Zhou X, Lee KH, Nakagawa K, Niho S, et al. Dacomitinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARCHER 1050): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(11):1454–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30608-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Amgen, Inc. Vectibix (Panitumumab) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2009. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/125147s080lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  236. Jin HD, Blessing NW. Cicatricial ectropion and madarosis associated with panitumumab treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;19:100810. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100810(eCollection 2020 Sep).

  237. Eli Lilly and Company. Portrazza (Necitumumab) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2015. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/125547s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  238. Markham A. Erdafitinib: first global approval. Drugs. 2019;79(9):1017–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01142-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Dai S, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Xu G, Chen Y. Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs): structures and small molecule inhibitors. Cells. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8060614.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  240. Loriot Y, Necchi A, Park SH, Garcia-Donas J, Huddart R, Burgess E, et al. Erdafitinib in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(4):338–48. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1817323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Bahleda R, Italiano A, Hierro C, Mita A, Cervantes A, Chan N, et al. Multicenter phase I study of erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493), oral pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, in patients with advanced or refractory solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(16):4888–97. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3334 (Epub 2019 May 14).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Bauters G, Paques M, Borderie V, Bouheraoua N. Reversible corneal stromal thinning, acute-onset white cataract and angle-closure glaucoma due to erdafitinib, a fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor: report of three cases. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfo.2020.03.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Awad MM, Shaw AT. ALK inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: crizotinib and beyond. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2014;12(7):429–39.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  244. Ishii T, Iwasawa S, Kurimoto R, Maeda A, Takiguchi Y, Kaneda M. Crizotinib-induced abnormal signal processing in the retina. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(8):e0135521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  245. Pfizer Inc. Xalkori (Crizotinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2017. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/202570s021lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  246. Camidge DR, Bang YJ, Kwak EL, Iafrate AJ, Varella-Garcia M, Fox SB, et al. Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated results from a phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(10):1011–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70344-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  247. Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, Seto T, Crino L, Ahn MJ, et al. Crizotinib versus chemotherapy in advanced ALK-positive lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2385–94. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214886.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Chelala E, Hoyek S, Arej N, Kattan J, Kourie HR, Baakliny J, et al. Ocular and orbital side effects of ALK inhibitors: a review article. Future Oncol. 2019;15(16):1939–45. https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Chun SG, Iyengar P, Gerber DE, Hogan RN, Timmerman RD. Optic neuropathy and blindness associated with crizotinib for non-small-cell lung cancer with EML4-ALK translocation. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(5):e25–6. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.49.1985 (Epub 2014 Mar 10).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Das J, Das N. Chronic conjunctival chemosis-a new ocular side effect of crizotinib. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000001710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Solomon BJ, Kim EE, Winter M, Monti K, Tang Y, Wilner KD, et al. Ophthalmological assessment of crizotinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2020;145:167–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.04.010 (Epub 2020 Apr 28).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Raedler LA. Zykadia (Ceritinib) approved for patients with crizotinib-resistant ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. am health drug benefits. 2015;8(Spec Feature):163–6.

  253. Peters S, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, Gadgeel S, Ahn JS, Kim DW, et al. Alectinib versus crizotinib in untreated ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(9):829–38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1704795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Genentech USA, Inc. Alecensa (Alectinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2017. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/202570s021lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  255. Pfizer, Inc. Lorbrena (Lorlatinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2018. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/210868s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  256. Genentech USA, Inc. Rozlytrek (Entrectinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/212725s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  257. Abbaspour Babaei M, Kamalidehghan B, Saleem M, Huri HZ, Ahmadipour F. Receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) inhibitors: a potential therapeutic target in cancer cells. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:2443–59. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S89114.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  258. Heinrich MC, Jones RL, von Mehren M, Schoffski P, Serrano C, Kang YK, et al. Avapritinib in advanced PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (NAVIGATOR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(7):935–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30269-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Cocorocchio E, Pala L, Conforti F, Guerini-Rocco E, De Pas T, Ferrucci PF. Successful treatment with avapritinib in patient with mucosal metastatic melanoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2020;12:1758835920946158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835920946158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  260. Costa RLB, Czerniecki BJ. Clinical development of immunotherapies for HER2(+) breast cancer: a review of HER2-directed monoclonal antibodies and beyond. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2020;6:10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41523-020-0153-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  261. Untch M, Rezai M, Loibl S, Fasching PA, Huober J, Tesch H, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment with trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer: results from the GeparQuattro study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(12):2024–31. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.8451 (Epub 2010 Mar 22).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Saleh M, Bourcier T, Noel G, Speeg-Schatz C, Gaucher D. Bilateral macular ischemia and severe visual loss following trastuzumab therapy. Acta Oncol. 2011;50(3):477–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2011.555781 (Epub 2011 Feb 8).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Sridhar MS, Laibson PR, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ. Infectious crystalline keratopathy in an immunosuppressed patient. CLAO J. 2001;27(2):108–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Orlandi A, Fasciani R, Cassano A, Agresta A, Calegari MA, Caporossi A, et al. Trastuzumab-induced corneal ulceration: successful no-drug treatment of a “blind” side effect in a case report. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:973. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1969-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  265. Huillard O, Bakalian S, Levy C, Desjardins L, Lumbroso-Le Rouic L, Pop S, et al. Ocular adverse events of molecularly targeted agents approved in solid tumours: a systematic review. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50(3):638–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.10.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Genentech USA, Inc. Perjeta (Pertuzumab) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2013. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/125409s051lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  267. Qin S, Li A, Yi M, Yu S, Zhang M, Wu K. Recent advances on anti-angiogenesis receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12(1):27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-019-0718-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  268. Singh R, Wurzelmann JI, Ye L, Henderson L, Hossain M, Trivedi T, et al. Clinical evaluation of pazopanib eye drops in healthy subjects and in subjects with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2014;34(9):1787–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0000000000000179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Lifton J, Chow A, Moshfeghi AA. Failed laser retinopexy in a patient undergoing pazopanib therapy. RETINAL Cases Brief Rep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000877.

  270. Csaky KG, Dugel PU, Pierce AJ, Fries MA, Kelly DS, Danis RP, et al. Clinical evaluation of pazopanib eye drops versus ranibizumab intravitreal injections in subjects with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(3):579–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.09.036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Caprelsa (Vandetanib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2011. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/022405s007lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  272. Ahn J, Wee WR, Lee JH, Hyon JY. Vortex keratopathy in a patient receiving vandetanib for non-small cell lung cancer. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25(5):355–7. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2011.25.5.355.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  273. Yeh S, Fine HA, Smith JA. Corneal verticillata after dual anti-epidermal growth factor receptor and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 therapy (vandetanib) for anaplastic astrocytoma. Cornea. 2009;28(6):699–702. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181922146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Kimura M, Kusuhara S, Tagami M, Nakamura M. Impaired retinal circulation during axitinib treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2019;10(1):5–10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496197.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  275. Jenkins TL, Aderman CM, Ho AC. Reversible retinal toxicity in a patient taking axitinib. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 9000;Publish Ah.

  276. Sherman JH, Aregawi DG, Lai A, Fathallah-Shaykh HM, Bierman PJ, Linsky K, et al. Optic neuropathy in patients with glioblastoma receiving bevacizumab. Neurology. 2009;73(22):1924–6. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c3fd00.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  277. Seet RC, Rabinstein AA. Clinical features and outcomes of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following bevacizumab treatment. QJM. 2012;105(1):69–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Eli Lilly and Company. Cyramza (Ramucirumab) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2014. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/125477s002lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  279. Exelixis, Inc. Cabometyx (Cabozantinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2012. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/208692s003lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  280. Subbiah V, Yang D, Velcheti V, Drilon A, Meric-Bernstam F. State-of-the-art strategies for targeting RET-dependent cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(11):1209–21. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.02551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  281. Blueprint Medicines Corporation. Gavreto (Pralsetinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/213721s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  282. Eli Lilly and Company. Retevmo (Selpercatinib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/213246s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  283. Yang J, Nie J, Ma X, Wei Y, Peng Y, Wei X. Targeting PI3K in cancer: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-0954-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  284. Gilead Sciences, Inc. Zydelig (Idelalisib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2014. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/205858lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  285. Verastem, Inc. Copiktra (Duvelisib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2018. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/211155s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  286. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Piqray (Alpelisib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/212526s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  287. Zou Z, Tao T, Li H, Zhu X. mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR inhibitors in cancer: progress and challenges. Cell Biosci. 2020;10:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00396-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  288. Touhami S, Arzouk N, Darugar A, Heron E, Clarençon F, Bodaghi B et al. Everolimus-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and bilateral optic neuropathy after kidney transplantation. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2014. p. e102-e4.

  289. Pascual J, Marcén R, Ortuño J. Clinical experience with everolimus (Certican): optimizing dose and tolerability. Transplantation. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000162433.34739.61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Schear MJ, Rodgers R. A case of everolimus-induced eyelid edema. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;34(1):e21–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000000974.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Ratta R, Guida A, Scotte F, Neuzillet Y, Teillet AB, Lebret T, et al. PARP inhibitors as a new therapeutic option in metastatic prostate cancer: a systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2020;23(4):549–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-020-0233-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Clovis Oncology, Inc. Rubraca (rucaparib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/209115s004lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  293. Asghar U, Witkiewicz AK, Turner NC, Knudsen ES. The history and future of targeting cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015;14(2):130–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  294. Pfizer Inc. Ibrance (Palbociclib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2017. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/207103s004lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  295. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. Kisqali (Ribociclib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/209092s004lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  296. Manasanch EE, Orlowski RZ. Proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14(7):417–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  297. Sklar BA, Gervasio KA, Leng S, Ghosh A, Chari A, Wu AY. Management and outcomes of proteasome inhibitor associated chalazia and blepharitis: a case series. BMC Ophthalmol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-019-1118-x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  298. Dennis M, Maoz A, Hughes D, Sanchorawala V, Sloan JM, Sarosiek S. Bortezomib ocular toxicities: outcomes with ketotifen. Wiley-Liss Inc.; 2019. p. E80–2.

  299. Fraunfelder FW, Yang HK. Association between bortezomib therapy and eyelid chalazia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(1):88–90. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3963.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Veys MC, Delforge M, Mombaerts I. Treatment with doxycycline for severe bortezomib-associated blepharitis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2016;16(7):e109–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2016.04.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Chacko JG, Behbehani R, Hundley KN, Al-Fanek Y. Bortezomib-associated optic atrophy in two patients with multiple myeloma. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(4):473–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000000657.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Seggewiss-Bernhardt R, Bargou RC, Goh YT, Stewart AK, Spencer A, Alegre A et al., editors. Phase 1/1B trial of the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor NVP-AUY922 as monotherapy or in combination with bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma 2015/07//: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

  303. Amgen Medical. Kyprolis (Carfilzomib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/202714s025lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  304. Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. Ninlaro (ixazomib) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2015. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/208462lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  305. Khongorzul P, Ling CJ, Khan FU, Ihsan AU, Zhang J. Antibody-drug conjugates: a comprehensive review. Mol Cancer Res. 2020;18(1):3–19. https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-19-0582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. Enhertu (Trastuzumab Deruxtecan) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2019. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/761139s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  307. Farooq AV, Degli Esposti S, Popat R, Thulasi P, Lonial S, Nooka AK, et al. Corneal epithelial findings in patients with multiple myeloma treated with antibody-drug conjugate belantamab mafodotin in the pivotal, randomized, DREAMM-2 study. Ophthalmol Ther. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-020-00280-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  308. Richardson PG, Lee HC, Abdallah AO, Cohen AD, Kapoor P, Voorhees PM, et al. Single-agent belantamab mafodotin for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: analysis of the lyophilised presentation cohort from the pivotal DREAMM-2 study. Blood Cancer J. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-020-00369-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  309. Popat R, Warcel D, O’Nions J, Cowley A, Smith S, Tucker WR, et al. Characterization of response and corneal events with extended follow-up after belantamab mafodotin (GSK2857916) monotherapy for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: a case series from the first-time-in-human clinical trial. Haematologica. 2020;105(5):e261–3. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.235937.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  310. GlaxoSmithKline. Blenrep (belantamab mafodotin-blmf) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/761158s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  311. Kreps EO, Derveaux T, Denys H. Corneal changes in trastuzumab emtansine treatment. Clin Breast Cancer. 2018;18(4):e427–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2018.03.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Tsuda M, Takano Y, Shigeyasu C, Imoto S, Yamada M. Abnormal corneal lesions induced by trastuzumab emtansine: an antibody-drug conjugate for breast cancer. Cornea. 2016;35(10):1378–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000868.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Deklerck E, Denys H, Kreps EO. Corneal features in trastuzumab emtansine treatment: not a rare occurrence. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2019;175(2):525–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-019-05179-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Kim CY, Kim N, Choung HK, In KS. Lacrimal drainage system stenosis associated with Trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla(R), T-DM1) administration: a case report. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):774. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-5986-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  315. Astellas Pharma US, Inc. PADCEV (enfortumab vedotin-ejfv) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Website. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/761137s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 1 Jan 2021.

  316. Francis JH, Habib LA, Abramson DH, Yannuzzi LA, Heinemann M, Gounder MM, et al. Clinical and morphologic characteristics of MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy: differences from central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(12):1788–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.05.038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  317. Giuffrè C, Miserocchi E, Modorati G, Carnevali A, Marchese A, Querques L, et al. Central serous chorioretinopathylike mimicking multifocal vitelliform macular dystrophy: an ocular side effect of mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitors. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2018;12(3):172–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Schoenberger SD, Kim SJ. Bilateral multifocal central serous-like chorioretinopathy due to MEK inhibition for metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2013;2013:673796. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/673796.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  319. Sheyman AT, Scarinci F, Fawzi AA, Gill MK. Long-term evaluation of MEK inhibitor retinal toxicity with multimodal imaging. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2016;47(1):76–7. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20151214-12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Siedlecki J, Mackert M, Wolf A, Berking C, Priglinger SG, Eibl-Lindner K. Bilateral visual field defects in a patient treated with the mek and braf inhibitors trametinib and dabrafenib for melanoma of unknown origin. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2019;13(3):215–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Zaloum A, Falet JR, Elkrief A, Chalk C. Myasthenia gravis following dabrafenib and trametinib for metastatic melanoma. Neurology. 2020;94(7):322–3. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Niro A, Strippoli S, Alessio G, Sborgia L, Recchimurzo N, Guida M. Ocular toxicity in metastatic melanoma patients treated with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors: a case series. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;160(5):959-67.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2015.07.035.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Asfuroglu M, Asfuroğlu Y. A novel side effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor cobimetinib: acute corneal decompensation. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2019;67(12):2073–5. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_2025_18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  324. Avery RA, Trimboli-Heidler C, Kilburn LB. Separation of outer retinal layers secondary to selumetinib. J aapos. 2016;20(3):268–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.01.012.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  325. Fonollosa A, Mesquida M, Adan A. Uveitic macular oedema after treatment with vemurafenib. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(8):e686–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Klein O, Ribas A, Chmielowski B, Walker G, Clements A, Long GV, et al. Facial palsy as a side effect of vemurafenib treatment in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(12):e215–7. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.45.7028.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Shailesh FN, Singh M, Tiwari U, Hutchins LF. Vemurafenib-induced bilateral facial palsy. J Postgrad Med. 2014;60(2):187–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.132339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Taylor SC, Hrisomalos F, Linette GP, Rao PK. A case of recurrent bilateral uveitis independently associated with dabrafenib and pembrolizumab therapy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2016;2:23–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  329. Gogas HJ, Flaherty KT, Dummer R, Ascierto PA, Arance A, Mandala M, et al. Adverse events associated with encorafenib plus binimetinib in the COLUMBUS study: incidence, course and management. Eur J Cancer. 2019;119:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2019.07.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Tsui E, Gonzales JA. Retinal vasculitis associated with ipilimumab. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(6):868–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2019.1610460.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Francis JH, Jaben K, Santomasso BD, Canestraro J, Abramson DH, Chapman PB, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated optic neuritis. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(11):1585–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Hahn L, Pepple KL. Bilateral neuroretinitis and anterior uveitis following ipilimumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2016;6(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-016-0082-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  333. Wilson MA, Guld K, Galetta S, Walsh RD, Kharlip J, Tamhankar M, et al. Acute visual loss after ipilimumab treatment for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2016;4:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-016-0170-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  334. Sun MM, Seleme N, Chen JJ, Zekeridou A, Sechi E, Walsh RD, et al. Neuro-ophthalmic complications in patients treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade. J Neuroophthalmol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000001148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  335. Modjtahedi BS, Maibach H, Park S. Multifocal bilateral choroidal neovascularization in a patient on ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2013;32(4):341–3. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2013.781618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Crews J, Agarwal A, Jack L, Xu D, Do DV, Nguyen QD. Ipilimumab-associated retinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2015;46(6):658–60. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20150610-10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Mantopoulos D, Kendra KL, Letson AD, Cebulla CM. Bilateral choroidopathy and serous retinal detachments during ipilimumab treatment for cutaneous melanoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(8):965–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.1128.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  338. Miyakubo T, Mukai R, Nakamura K, Matsumoto H, Akiyama H. A case of ipilimumab-induced unusual serous retinal detachment in bilateral eyes. Int Med Case Rep J. 2019;12:355–61. https://doi.org/10.2147/imcrj.S225173.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  339. Maller B, Peguero E, Tanvetyanon T. Ipilimumab/nivolumab-related opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome variant in a patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Immunother (Hagerstown, Md: 1997). 2018;41(9):411–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/cji.0000000000000228.

  340. Hassanzadeh B, DeSanto J, Kattah JC. Ipilimumab-induced adenohypophysitis and orbital apex syndrome: importance of early diagnosis and management. Neuroophthalmology. 2018;42(3):176–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2017.1368090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Voskens CJ, Goldinger SM, Loquai C, Robert C, Kaehler KC, Berking C, et al. The price of tumor control: an analysis of rare side effects of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in metastatic melanoma from the ipilimumab network. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):e53745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053745.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  342. Alnabulsi R, Hussain A, DeAngelis D. Complete ophthalmoplegia in Ipilmumab and Nivolumab combination treatment for metastatic melanoma. Orbit. 2018;37(5):381–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2017.1423349.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Ribas A, Hamid O, Daud A, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD, Kefford R, et al. Association of pembrolizumab with tumor response and survival among patients with advanced melanoma. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1600–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Ribas A, Puzanov I, Dummer R, Schadendorf D, Hamid O, Robert C, et al. Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma (KEYNOTE-002): a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(8):908–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00083-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  345. Robert C, Ribas A, Wolchok JD, Hodi FS, Hamid O, Kefford R, et al. Anti-programmed-death-receptor-1 treatment with pembrolizumab in ipilimumab-refractory advanced melanoma: a randomised dose-comparison cohort of a phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9948):1109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60958-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Basilious A, Lloyd JC. Posterior subcapsular cataracts and hypotony secondary to severe pembrolizumab induced uveitis: case report. Can J Ophthalmol. 2016;51(1):e4-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.09.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Golash V, Almeida G. Pembrolizumab-related bilateral ocular hypotony, uveitis, cataracts, exudative retinal, and choroidal detachments: an unusual success story. J Immunother (Hagerstown, Md: 1997). 2020;43(9):283–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/cji.0000000000000328.

  348. Thomas M, Armenti ST, Ayres MB, Demirci H. Uveal effusion after immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(5):553–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.0920.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  349. Shimada T, Hoshino Y, Tsunemi T, Hattori A, Nakagawa E, Yokoyama K, et al. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after treatment with pembrolizumab. Multiple Scler Relat Disord. 2020;37:101447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2019.101447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  350. Roberts P, Fishman GA, Joshi K, Jampol LM. Chorioretinal lesions in a case of melanoma-associated retinopathy treated with pembrolizumab. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016;134(10):1184–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.2944.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Kao JC, Liao B, Markovic SN, Klein CJ, Naddaf E, Staff NP, et al. Neurological complications associated with anti-programmed death 1 (PD-1) antibodies. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(10):1216–22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1912.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  352. Seki M, Uruha A, Ohnuki Y, Kamada S, Noda T, Onda A, et al. Inflammatory myopathy associated with PD-1 inhibitors. J Autoimmun. 2019;100:105–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.03.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Suzuki S, Ishikawa N, Konoeda F, Seki N, Fukushima S, Takahashi K, et al. Nivolumab-related myasthenia gravis with myositis and myocarditis in Japan. Neurology. 2017;89(11):1127–34. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  354. Nakatani Y, Tanaka N, Enami T, Minami S, Okazaki T, Komuta K. Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome caused by nivolumab in a patient with squamous cell lung cancer. Case Rep Neurol. 2018;10(3):346–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494078.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  355. Omuro A, Vlahovic G, Lim M, Sahebjam S, Baehring J, Cloughesy T, et al. Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: results from exploratory phase I cohorts of CheckMate 143. Neuro Oncol. 2018;20(5):674–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nox208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Mancone S, Lycan T, Ahmed T, Topaloglu U, Dothard A, Petty WJ, et al. Severe neurologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a single-center review. J Neurol. 2018;265(7):1636–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8890-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Miyamoto R, Nakashizuka H, Tanaka K, Wakatsuki Y, Onoe H, Mori R, et al. Bilateral multiple serous retinal detachments after treatment with nivolumab: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):221. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01495-w.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  358. Reddy M, Chen JJ, Kalevar A, Terribilini R, Agarwal A. Immune retinopathy associated with nivolumab administration for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2020;14(2):120–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Garibaldi M, Calabrò F, Merlonghi G, Pugliese S, Ceccanti M, Cristiano L, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-related ocular myositis. Neuromusc Disord. 2020;30(5):420–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2020.02.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Khoo A, Zhuang Y, Boundy K, Frasca J. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myositis associated with atezolizumab therapy. Neurol Clin Pract. 2019;9(3):e25–6. https://doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000597.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  361. Sengul Samanci N, Ozan T, Çelik E, Demirelli FH. Optic neuritis related to atezolizumab treatment in a patient with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. JCO Oncol Pract. 2020;16(2):96–8. https://doi.org/10.1200/jop.19.00438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Becquart O, Lacotte J, Malissart P, Nadal J, Lesage C, Guillot B et al. Myasthenia gravis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother (Hagerstown, Md: 1997). 2019;42(8):309–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/cji.0000000000000278.

  363. Carrera W, Baartman BJ, Kosmorsky G. A case report of drug-induced myopathy involving extraocular muscles after combination therapy with tremelimumab and durvalumab for non-small cell lung cancer. Neuroophthalmology. 2017;41(3):140–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2017.1291686.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  364. Jeyakumar N, Etchegaray M, Henry J, Lelenwa L, Zhao B, Segura A, et al. The terrible triad of checkpoint inhibition: a case report of myasthenia gravis, myocarditis, and myositis induced by cemiplimab in a patient with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Case Rep Immunol. 2020;2020:5126717. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5126717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  365. Ghosh A, Harish Bindiganavile S, Bhat N, Lee AG. A case of miller fisher syndrome due to the use of cemiplimab. J Neuroophthalmol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/wno.0000000000001062.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  366. Kaiser-Kupfer MI, Lippman ME. Tamoxifen retinopathy. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978;62(3):315–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Zinchuk O, Watanabe M, Hayashi N, Fukushima A, Ueno H. A case of tamoxifen keratopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(7):1046–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.7.1046.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Chung SE, Kim SW, Chung HW, Kang SW. Estrogen antagonist and development of macular hole. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2010;24(5):306–9. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2010.24.5.306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  369. Cronin BG, Lekich CK, Bourke RD. Tamoxifen therapy conveys increased risk of developing a macular hole. Int Ophthalmol. 2005;26(3):101–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-005-5424-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  370. Torrell Belzach N, Vela Segarra JI, Crespí Vilimelis J, Alhayek M. Bilateral macular hole related to tamoxifen low-dose toxicity. Case Rep Ophthalmol. 2020;11(3):528–33. https://doi.org/10.1159/000508327.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  371. Cho AR, Yoon YH, Kim JG, Kim YJ, Lee JY. Uveoretinal adverse effects presented during systemic anticancer chemotherapy: a 10-year single center experience. J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33(7):e55. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  372. Pugesgaard T, Von Eyben FE. Bilateral optic neuritis evolved during tamoxifen treatment. Cancer. 1986;58(2):383–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19860715)58:2%3c383::aid-cncr2820580232%3e3.0.co;2-i.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Ashford AR, Donev I, Tiwari RP, Garrett TJ. Reversible ocular toxicity related to tamoxifen therapy. Cancer. 1988;61(1):33–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19880101)61:1%3c33::aid-cncr2820610107%3e3.0.co;2-i.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Colley SM, Elston JS. Tamoxifen optic neuropathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;32(1):105–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9071.2004.00769.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Coppes OJ, Lukas RV, Fleming GF, Nichols J, Tenney M, Bernard J. Bilateral optic disc swelling following anastrozole therapy. Neuroophthalmology. 2014;38(5):268–71. https://doi.org/10.3109/01658107.2014.924968.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  376. Wieder MS, Harooni M, Rusu I. Association of crystalline retinopathy with anastrozole. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019;137(5):581–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2019.0064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  377. Sathiamoorthi S, Ruddy KJ, Bakri SJ. Association of uveitis and macular edema with anastrozole therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(7):837–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.1700.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Moschos MM, Chatziralli IP, Zagouri F, Zografos GC. Macular oedema due to letrozole: a first case report. Clin Exp Optom. 2012;95(6):646–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00771.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Laroche M, Borg S, Lassoued S, De Lafontan B, Roché H. Joint pain with aromatase inhibitors: abnormal frequency of Sjögren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(11):2259–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  380. Amireskandari A, Nguyen E, Hinkle D, Mauger T. Subepithelial corneal deposits associated with exemestane. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2020;2020:5703164. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5703164.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  381. Papathanassiou M, Nikita E, Theodossiadis P, Theodossiadis GP, Vergados I. Exemestane-induced corneal epithelial changes. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2010;29(3):209–11. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569521003775013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Epstein RJ. Visual impairment in myopic patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant therapy with aromatase inhibitors. Clin Breast Cancer. 2009;9(3):184–6. https://doi.org/10.3816/CBC.2009.n.030.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Esmaeli B, Diba R, Ahmadi MA, Saadati HG, Faustina MM, Shepler TR, et al. Periorbital oedema and epiphora as ocular side effects of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). Eye (Lond). 2004;18(7):760–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6701315.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  384. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD, Van den Abbeele AD, Eisenberg B, Roberts PJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(7):472–80. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Valeyrie L, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, Bachot N, Wechsler J, Berthaud P, et al. Adverse cutaneous reactions to imatinib (STI571) in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias: a prospective study of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(2):201–6. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2003.44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Bouche O, Cesne AL, Rios M, Chaigneau L, Italiano A, Duffaud F, et al. EPIGIST: an observational real-life study on patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors receiving imatinib. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0204117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  387. Kanda T, Nishida T, Wada N, Kobayashi O, Yamamoto M, Sawaki A, et al. Adjuvant therapy with imatinib mesylate after resection of primary high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors in Japanese patients. Int J Clin Oncol. 2013;18(1):38–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-011-0339-7 (Epub 2011 Nov 23).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Nishida T, Shirao K, Sawaki A, Koseki M, Okamura T, Ohtsu A, et al. Efficacy and safety profile of imatinib mesylate (ST1571) in Japanese patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a phase II study (STI571B1202). Int J Clin Oncol. 2008;13(3):244–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-007-0746-y (Epub 2008 Jun 14).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. Llamas-Velasco M, Ovejero-Merino E, Garcia-Diez A, Requena L, Dauden E, Steegmann JL. Cutaneous side effects in a cohort of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: General description and further characterization, correlation with photoexposition and study of hypopigmentation as treatment's prognostic factor. Dermatol Ther. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.14428.

  390. Hochhaus A, Larson RA, Guilhot F, Radich JP, Branford S, Hughes TP, et al. Long-term outcomes of imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(10):917–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  391. Radaelli F, Vener C, Ripamonti F, Iurlo A, Colombi M, Artoni A, et al. Conjunctival hemorrhagic events associated with imatinib mesylate. Int J Hematol. 2007;86(5):390–3. https://doi.org/10.1532/IJH97.E0741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Gulati AP, Saif MW. Retinal neovascularization and hemorrhage associated with the use of imatinib (Gleevec((R))) in a patient being treated for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Anticancer Res. 2012;32(4):1375–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Kwon SI, Lee DH, Kim YJ. Optic disc edema as a possible complication of Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec). Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2008;52(4):331–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-008-0561-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. DeLuca C, Shenouda-Awad N, Haskes C, Wrzesinski S. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) induced unilateral optic disc edema. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89(10):e16-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318269111d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  395. Napolitano M, Santoro M, Mancuso S, Carlisi M, Raso S, Tarantino G et al. Late onset of unilateral optic disk edema secondary to treatment with imatinib mesylate. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5(10):1573–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.1137(eCollection 2017 Oct).

  396. Anzalone CL, Cohen PR, Kurzrock R, Cortes JE. Imatinib-induced postoperative periorbital purpura: GASP (Gleevec-Associated Surgical Purpura) in a woman with imatinib-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia. Dermatol Online J. 2014;20(1):21242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  397. Roth DB, Akbari S, Rothstein A. Macular ischemia associated with imatinib mesylate therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2009;3(2):161–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICB.0b013e318177f9d7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Maurizot A, Beressi JP, Maneglier B, de la Marre NH, Spentchian M, Soury P, et al. Rapid clinical improvement of peripheral artery occlusive disease symptoms after nilotinib discontinuation despite persisting vascular occlusion. Blood Cancer J. 2014;4:e247. https://doi.org/10.1038/bcj.2014.66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  399. Sayin I, Ayli M, Oguz AK, Seval GC. Xanthelasma palpebrarum: a new side effect of nilotinib. BMJ Case Rep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2015-213511.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  400. Cho JH, Kim KM, Kwon M, Kim JH, Lee J. Nilotinib in patients with metastatic melanoma harboring KIT gene aberration. Investig New Drugs. 2012;30(5):2008–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-011-9763-9 (Epub 2011 Nov 9).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  401. Naithani R. Dasatinib-induced loss of eyebrows. Br J Haematol. 2017;179(3):362. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14847(Epub 2017 Jul 24).

  402. Song J, Song A, Palmares T, Song M, Song H. Ruxolitinib found to cause eyelash growth: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):189. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-017-1304-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  403. Winthrop KL, Curtis JR, Lindsey S, Tanaka Y, Yamaoka K, Valdez H, et al. Herpes zoster and tofacitinib: clinical outcomes and the risk of concomitant therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(10):1960–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  404. Hussain SZ, Asghar A, Ikram M, Islam N. Development of skin hypopigmentation in a patient with metastatic papillary carcinoma thyroid treated with Sorafenib. BMC Endocr Disord. 2013;13:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  405. Gaertner KM, Caldwell SH, Rahma O. A case of retinal tear associated with use of sorafenib. Front Oncol. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00196.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  406. Mehraban Far P, Rullo J, Farmer J, Urton T. Recurrent uveitis related to ibrutinib for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1841802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  407. Tam CS, Trotman J, Opat S, Burger JA, Cull G, Gottlieb D, et al. Phase 1 study of the selective BTK inhibitor zanubrutinib in B-cell malignancies and safety and efficacy evaluation in CLL. Blood. 2019;134(11):851–9. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019001160 (Epub 2019 Jul 24).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  408. Pascual JC, Banuls J, Belinchon I, Blanes M, Massuti B. Trichomegaly following treatment with gefitinib (ZD1839). Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(5):1111–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06265.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Kirkpatrick CA, Almeida DR, Hornick AL, Chin EK, Boldt HC. Erlotinib-associated bilateral anterior uveitis: resolution with posterior sub-Tenon’s triamcinolone without erlotinib cessation. Can J Ophthalmol. 2015;50(5):e66–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.03.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Klein KA, Azzoli CG, Rifkin LM. Bilateral acute simultaneous onset anterior uveitis presumed secondary to erlotinib: a report of two cases. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2017;6:21–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.09.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Lim LT, Blum RA, Cheng CP, Hanifudin A. Bilateral anterior uveitis secondary to erlotinib. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66(12):1277–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-010-0873-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Ali K, Kumar I, Usman-Saeed M, Usman SM. Erlotinib-related bilateral anterior uveitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr.03.2011.3988.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  413. Chan S, Ahern E, Chaudhry S, Hughes B. Bilateral acute anterior uveitis: a rare ocular side effect of erlotinib. BMJ Case Rep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-232868.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  414. Vergou T, Stratigos AJ, Karapanagiotou EM, Matekovits AE, Dilana KD, Tsimboukis S, et al. Facial hypertrichosis and trichomegaly developing in patients treated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor erlotinib. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(2):e56–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Marquez G, Herrera-Acosta E, Vidal I, Galvany L, Iglesias M, Umbert P. A case of trichomegaly of the eyelashes and facial hypertrichosis induced by erlotinib (Tarceva). Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(1):97–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.03752.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Medina Mendez CA, Ma PC, Singh AD. Acquired trichomegaly: trichomegaly secondary to erlotinib. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(9):1051. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Celik T, Kosker M. Ocular side effects and trichomegaly of eyelashes induced by erlotinib: a case report and review of the literature. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2015;38(1):59–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2014.08.005 (Epub 2014 Sep 22).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Fabbrocini G, Panariello L, Cacciapuoti S, Bianca D, Ayala F. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes during therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: report of 3 cases. Dermatitis. 2012;23(5):237–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0b013e31826e45d7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  419. Munoz J, Hanbali AS. Epidermal growth factor receptor-induced hirsutism and trichomegaly. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(11):e50. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2011.0356.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  420. Zhang G, Basti S, Jampol LM. Acquired trichomegaly and symptomatic external ocular changes in patients receiving epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: case reports and a review of literature. Cornea. 2007;26(7):858–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318064584a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  421. Methvin AB, Gausas RE. Newly recognized ocular side effects of erlotinib. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(1):63–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e31802d97f0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  422. Sun P, Long J, Chen P, He Q, Gao X, Li S. Rapid onset of conjunctivitis associated with overdosing of erlotinib. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2018;43(2):296–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  423. Johnson KS, Levin F, Chu DS. Persistent corneal epithelial defect associated with erlotinib treatment. Cornea. 2009;28(6):706–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31818fdbc6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  424. Miguel-Gomez L, Vano-Galvan S, Garrido-Lopez P, Jaen-Olasolo P. Afatinib-induced hypertrichosis of the eyelashes and eyebrows. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(2):192–3. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.168914.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Joganathan V, Norris JH. Periocular manifestations of afatinib therapy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019;35(1):e12–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0000000000001277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  426. Manthri S, Chakraborty K. Blepharitis: a rare side effect related to cetuximab in patient with colorectal cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231774.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  427. Specenier P, Koppen C, Vermorken JB. Diffuse punctate keratitis in a patient treated with cetuximab as monotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(5):961–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm116 (Epub 2007 Apr 17).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  428. Deitch-Harel IM, Raskin EM, Habot-Wilner ZM, Friling RM, Amer RM, Kramer MM. Uveitis induced by biological agents used in cancer therapy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09273948.2020.1760310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  429. Goyal A, Blaes A. Trichomegaly associated with panitumumab. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(16):e94. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMicm2003622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Fukata T, Ito Y, Miyagaki H, Nishida H, Toyoda Y, Shingai T, et al. A case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by chemotherapy for metastatic colon cancer. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2019;46(4):748–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Ramtohul P, Denis D, Comet A. Pseudovitelliform maculopathy associated with FGFR inhibitor therapy. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5(2):140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2020.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  432. Ou SI, Govindan R, Eaton KD, Otterson GA, Gutierrez ME, Mita AC, et al. Phase I results from a study of crizotinib in combination with erlotinib in patients with advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(1):145–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.09.131 (Epub 2016 Sep 30).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Vaccaro M, Riso G, Altavilla D, Cannavò SP. Eyelashes depigmentation following treatment with pazopanib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Blackwell Publishing Inc.; 2019.

  434. Bausell RB, Soleimani A, Vinnett A, Baroni MD, Staub SA, Binion K et al. Corneal changes after belantamab mafodotin in multiple myeloma patients. Eye Contact Lens. 9000;Pre-Publication.

  435. Rousseau A, Michot JM, Labetoulle M. Belantamab mafotodin-induced epithelial keratopathy masquerading myopic surgery. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(12):1626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.07.047.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lauren A. Dalvin.

Ethics declarations

Funding

The authors have no financial disclosures. Lauren A. Dalvin, M.D. has had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Conflict of interest

No conflicting relationship exists for any author.

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and material

Not applicable.

Code availability

No applicable.

Author contributions

BHF: investigation, methodology, data curation, writing—original draft, and visualization. PDT: investigation, methodology, data curation, and writing—original draft, and visualization. LAD: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, and supervision.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fortes, B.H., Tailor, P.D. & Dalvin, L.A. Ocular Toxicity of Targeted Anticancer Agents. Drugs 81, 771–823 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-021-01507-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-021-01507-z

Navigation