Abstract
This paper presents the evaluation of the dynamic stiffness coefficient (the stiffness and damping coefficient) of a rigid and massless foundation embedded in a layered elastic half-space. Linear hysteric material damping is introduced in the model using the correspondence principle. Based on the strength of the material approach with one-dimensional wave propagation in cones (cone model), horizontal and vertical dynamic stiffness coefficients were evaluated. To check the accuracy of the model, the dynamic stiffness coefficient of foundations resting on and/or embedded in layered half-space was evaluated using a cone model and validated with published results based on rigorous analysis. A parametric study is also carried out to investigate the influence of shear wave velocity, depth of embedment, and thickness of the top layer on the dynamic response of the foundation embedded in layered half-space. The results of the cone model analyses are presented in terms of stiffness coefficient K(ao) and damping coefficient C(ao) varying with dimensionless frequency (ao) for both horizontal and vertical modes of vibration. The results of the cone model provide physical insight with sufficient generality, making it convenient to use for various foundation vibration problems.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.
References
Hsieh TK (1962) Foundation vibrations. Proc Inst Civ Eng 22(2):211–226
Lysmer J (1965) Vertical motions of rigid footings. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan Report to WES Contract Report No. 3–115 under Contract No. DA-22-079-eng-340
Richart FE, Whitman RV (1967) Comparison of footing vibration tests with theory. J Soil Mech Found Div 93(SM6):143–168
Chehab AG, El Naggar MH (2004) Response of block foundations to impact loads. J Sound Vib 276(1–2):293–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2003.07.028
Chen SS, Shi JY (2006) Simplified model for vertical vibrations of surface foundations. J Geotech Geoenv Eng 132(5):651–655. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:5(651)
Chen SS, Shi JY (2007) Simplified model for torsional foundation vibrations. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 27(3):250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.06.007
Quinlan P (1954) The elastic theory of soil dynamics. In: Symposium on dynamic testing of soils. ASTM International, pp 3–34
Thomson WT, Kobori T (1963) Dynamical compliance of rectangular foundations on an elastic half-space. J Appl Mech 30(4):579–584. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3636622
Karasudhi P, Keer LM, Lee SL (1968) Vibratory motion of a body on an elastic half plane. Appl Mech 35(4):697–705. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3601294
Veletosos A, Nair VV (1974) Response of torsionally excited foundations. J Geotech Eng Div 100(4):476–482
Luco JE, Westmann RA (1971) Dynamic response of circular footings. J Eng Mech 97:1381–1395
Awojobi AO, Tabiowo PH (1976) Vertical vibration of rigid bodies with rectangular bases on elastic media. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 4(5):439–454. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290040503
Ang AH, Harper GN (1964) Analysis of contained plastic flow in plane solids. J Eng Mech 90(5):397–420
Agabein ME, Parmelee RA, Lee SL (1968) A model for the study of soil-structure interaction. In: Proceedings of 8th conference international association bridge & structure engineering, New York
Krizek RJ, Gupta DC, Parmelee RA (1972) Coupled sliding and rocking of embedded foundations. ASCE J Soil Mech Found Div 98(SM12):1347–1135
Lysmer J, Kuhlemeyer RL (1969) Finite dynamic model for infinite media. J Eng Mech 95(4):859–878
Das R, Manna B, Banerjee A (2023) Spectral element formulation for rock-socketed mono-pile under horizontal dynamic loads. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 169:107863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2023.107863
Hadjian AH, Luco JE, Tsai NC (1974) Soil-structure interaction: continuum or finite element? Nucl Eng Design 31(2):151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(75)90138-7
Jakub M (1977) Dynamic stiffness of foundations: 2-Dyi. 3D Solutions
Barkan DD (1965) Basic problems of the dynamics of bases and foundations (review of the conference on the dynamics of bases and foundations). Soil Mech Found Eng 2(6):376–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01704871
Crouse CB, Hushmand B, Luco JE, Wong HL (1990) Foundation dynamic stiffness coefficient: theory versus experiment. J Geotech Eng 116(3):432–449. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:3(432)
Dobry R, Gazetas G, Stokoe KH (1986) Dynamic response of arbitrarily shaped foundations: experimental verification. J Geotech Eng 112(2):136–154. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:2(136)
Gazetas G, Stokoe KH (1991) Free vibration of embedded foundations: theory versus experiment. J Geotech Eng 117(9):1382–1401. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:9(1382)
Nii Y (1987) Experimental half-space dynamic stiffness. J Geotech Eng 113(11):1359–1373. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:11(1359)
Baidya DK, Muralikrishna G (2000) Dynamic response of foundation on finite stratum—an experimental investigation. Indian Geotech J 30(4):327–350
Baidya DK, Krishna GM (2001) Investigation of resonant frequency and amplitude of vibrating footing resting on a layered soil system. Geotech Test J 24(4):409–417. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11138J
Baidya DK, Sridharan A (1994) Stiffnesses of the foundations embedded into elastic stratum. Indian Geotech J 24(4):353–367
Sridharan A, Nagendra MV, Chinnaswamy C (1981) Embedded foundations under vertical vibration. J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng. 107:1429–34
Halabian AM, Ghasemi S, Mohasseb S (2022) Rocking response of shallow foundations in time domain using cone model theory. J Earthq Eng 26(6):2822–2845
Ehlers G (1942) The effect of soil flexibility on vibrating systems. Beton und Eisen 41(21/22):197–203
Meek J, Veletsos AS (1974) Simple models for foundations in lateral and rocking motion. In: Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, pp 2610–2631
Veletsos AS, Verbič B (1973) Vibration of viscoelastic foundations. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2(1):87–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290020108
Fry ZB (1963) Development and evaluation of soil bearing capacity. Found. of Struct. WES
Veletsos AS, Wei YT (1971) Lateral and rocking vibration of footings. J Soil Mech Found Div 97(SM9):1227–1248
Wolf JP, Somaini DR (1986) Approximate dynamic model of embedded foundation in time domain. Earthq Eng Struc Dyn 14(5):683–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290140502
Meek JW, Wolf JP (1992) Cone models for soil layer on rigid rock. II. J Geotech Eng 118(5):686–703. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:5(686)
Meek JW, Wolf JP (1993) Cone models for nearly incompressible soil. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 22(8):649–663. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290220802
Meek JW, Wolf JP (1994) Cone models for embedded foundation. J Geotech Eng 120(1):60–80. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:1(60)
Wolf JP, Meek JW (1994) Dynamic stiffness of foundation on layered soil halfspace using cone frustum. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 23:1079–1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290231004
Jaya KP, Prasad AM (2002) Embedded foundation in layered soil under dynamic excitations. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 22(6):485–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00032-5
Wolf JP (1994) Foundation vibration analysis using simple physical models. Pearson Education
Pradhan PK, Baidya DK, Ghosh DP (2003) Dynamic stiffness coefficient of circular foundation resting on layered soil using cone model. Electron J Geotech Eng 8:1
Pradhan PK, Mandal A, Baidya DK, Ghosh DP (2008) Dynamic response of machine foundation on layered soil: cone model versus experiments. Geotech Geol Eng 26:453–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9181-8
Wolf JP, Deeks AJ (2004) Foundation vibration analysis: a strength of materials approach. Elsevier
Pal AS, Baidya DK (2019) Effect of soil layering on coupled dynamic response and active length of piles embedded in layered soil using cone model. Indian Geotech J 49(1):50–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0292-0
Khakpour M, Hajialilue Bonab M (2020) Soil-structure-interaction using cone model in the time domain for horizontal and vertical motions in layered half-space. J Earthq Eng 24(4):529–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1441766
Hajari F, Rahnema H (2023) Prediction of horizontal and torsional vibrations of foundations resting on saturated porous media using cone model. Indian Geotech J 53(1):154–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-022-00665-5
Ahmad S, Bharadwaj A (1991) Horizontal impedance of embedded strip foundations in layered soil. J Geotech Eng 117(7):1021–1041. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:7(1021)
Apsel RJ, Luco JE (1987) Dynamic stiffness coefficient for foundations embedded in a layered medium: an integral equation approach. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 15(2):213–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290150205
Ahmad S, Rupani AK (1999) Horizontal impedance of square foundation in layered soil. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 18(1):59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(98)00028-1
Beredugo YO, Novak M (1972) Coupled horizontal and rocking vibration of embedded footings. Can Geotech J 9(4):477–497. https://doi.org/10.1139/t72-046
Dominguez J, Roesset JM (1978) Dynamic stiffness of rectangular foundations. Report R78–20. Department of Civil Engineering
Han Z, Lin G, Li J (2015) Dynamic stiffness coefficient for arbitrary-shaped rigid foundation embedded in anisotropic multilayered soil. J Eng Mech 141(11):04015045. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000915
Novák M, Beredugo YO (1972) Vertical vibration of embedded footings. J Soil Mech Found Div 98:1291–1331
Sasmal SK, Pradhan PK (2021) A critical review of the cone model for analysis of machine foundations under translational and rotational motion. Aust J Multi-Discipl Eng 17(1):97–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/14488388.2021.1923431
Kausel E, Roesset JM (1975) Dynamic stiffness of circular foundations. J Eng Mech 101(6):771–785
Lin G, Han Z, Li J (2013) An efficient approach for the dynamic impedance of surface footing on layered half-space. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 49:39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.01.008
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Panda, S., Pradhan, P.K. & Manna, B. Dynamic Response of Embedded Foundations in Layered Halfspace: A Cone Model Approach. Indian Geotech J (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00825-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00825-1