Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of Ground Response Analysis on Seismic Behavior and Design of Piles in Kolkata City

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Indian Geotechnical Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Kolkata city is a major metro city of eastern India and spread in a north–south direction along the east bank of the Hoogly river with the soil being predominantly soft, thick and alluvial in origin. According to seismic code of India, Kolkata city is located along the boundary of seismic zone III and IV which indicates moderate to high seismic hazard. In this paper, using derived empirical correlations between shear wave velocity V s and SPT N values, soil site classification is carried out and it indicated CLASS E category, highlighting the seismic hazard of Kolkata city. The alluvial nature of soil located in Kolkata city is prone to soil amplification when subjected to different earthquake motions at the bedrock level and amplification factor for bedrock level acceleration varying between 1.7 and 2.5 is obtained in the present study. The spectral acceleration at 5% damping ratio is observed to be 1.94 g, when subjected to 1995 Kobe earthquake motion. The results obtained from ground response analysis is used for seismic design of pile foundations passing through liquefiable and non-liquefiable soil strata by considering both kinematic and inertial loading. The maximum bending moment is observed to occur at the interface of liquefiable and non-liquefiable soil layers. Both bending moment and pile head deflection showed a substantial increase in magnitude when inertial loads are considered in the analysis in addition to kinematic loading. Hence the present study illustrates the significance of deflection and bending response of pile foundations in liquefiable soil as important parameters for seismic design of pile foundations in Kolkata city.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Naik N, Choudhury D (2015) Deterministic seismic hazard analysis considering different seismicity levels for the state of Goa, India. Nat Hazards 75(1):557–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. IS 1893-Part 1 (2002) Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structure. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anbazhagan P, Thingbaijam KKS, Nath SK, Kumar JNN, Sitharam TG (2010) Multi-criteria seismic hazard evaluation for Bangalore city, India. J Asian Earth Sci 38:186–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Boominathan A, Dodagoudar GR, Suganthi A, Maheswari RU (2008) Seismic hazard assessment of Chennai city considering local site effects. J Earth Syst Sci 117(S2):853–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Hanumanthrao C, Ramana GV (2008) Dynamics soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India. J Earth Syst Sci 117(S2):719–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Choudhury D, Shukla S (2011) Probability of occurrence and study of earthquake recurrence models for Gujarat state in India. Disaster Adv 4(2):47–59

    Google Scholar 

  7. Shukla J, Choudhury D (2012) Seismic hazard and site-specific ground motion for typical ports of Gujarat. Nat Hazards 60(2):541–565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shukla J, Choudhury D (2012) Estimation of seismic ground motions using deterministic approach for major cities of Gujarat. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 12:2019–2037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Raghukanth STG, Sreelatha S, Dash SK (2008) Ground motion estimation at Guwahati city for an Mw 8.1 earthquake in the Shillong Plateau. Tectonophysics 448:98–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Govidaraju L, Bhattacharya S (2012) Site-specific earthquake response study for hazard assessment in Kolkata city, India. Nat Hazards 61:943–965

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chatterjee K, Choudhury D (2016) Influences of local soil conditions for ground response in Kolkata city during earthquakes. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect A Phys Sci. doi:10.1007/s40010-016-0265-1

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jishnu RB, Naik SP, Patra NR, Malik JN (2013) Ground response analysis of Kanpur soil along the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 51:47–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Phanikanth VS, Choudhury D, Reddy GR (2011) Equivalent-linear seismic ground response analysis of some typical sites in Mumbai. Geotech Geol Eng 29(6):1109–1126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Desai SS, Choudhury D (2014) Spatial variation of probabilistic seismic hazard for Mumbai and surrounding region. Nat Hazards 71(3):1873–1898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Desai SS, Choudhury D (2015) Site-specific seismic ground response study for nuclear power plants and ports in Mumbai. Nat Hazards Rev ASCE 16(4):04015002-1–04015002-13

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hamada M (1992) Large ground deformations and their effects on lifelines: 1964 Nigata earthquake. Technical report NCEER 92-001, Chapter 3 of Hamada M and O’Rourke TD, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, pp 1–123

  17. Ishihara K (1997) Geotechnical aspects of the 1995 Kobe earthquake: Terzaghi Oration. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Hamburg, Germany

  18. Tokimatsu K, Oh-oka H, Satake K, Shamoto Y, Asaka Y (1998) Effects of lateral ground movements on failure patterns of piles in the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. In: Proceedings of geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics III, Reston, pp 1175–1186

  19. Finn WDL, Thavaraj T, Fujita N (2001) Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues. In: Proceedings of 10th international conference on soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, vol 4, pp 169–178

  20. Bhattacharya S (2003) Pile instability during earthquake liquefaction. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

  21. Bhattacharya S, Madabhushi SPG, Bolton MD (2004) An alternative mechanism of pile failure in liquefiable deposits during earthquakes. Geotechnique 54(3):203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Dash SR, Bhattacharya S, Blakeborough A (2010) Bending-buckling interaction as a failure mechanism of piles in liquefiable soils. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(1–2):32–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Knappett JA, Madabhushi SPG (2012) Effects of axial load and slope arrangement on pile group response in laterally spreading soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 138:799–809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Abdoun T, Dobry R, O’Rourke TD, Goh SH (2003) Pile foundation response to lateral spreads: centrifuge modelling. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 129(10):869–878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Brandenberg SJ, Boulanger RW, Kutter BL, Chang D (2005) Behavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge tests. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131:1378–1391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Motamed R, Towhata I, Honda T, Tabata K, Abe A (2013) Pile group response to liquefaction induced lateral spreading: E-Defense large shake table test. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 51:35–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dobry R, O’Rourke MJ (1983) Discussion on seismic response of end-bearing piles by R Flores-Berrones and RV Whitman. J Geotech Eng Div ASCE 109(5):778–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mylonakis G (2001) Simplified model for seismic pile bending at soil layer interfaces. Soils Found 41(4):47–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Nikolaou S, Mylonakis G, Gazetas G, Tazoh T (2001) Kinematic pile bending during earthquakes: analysis and field measurements. Geotechnique 51(5):425–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Liyanapathirana DS, Poulos HG (2005) Seismic lateral response of piles in liquefying soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131:1466–1479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Liyanapathirana DS, Poulos HG (2005) Pseudo-static approach for seismic analysis of piles in liquefying soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 131:1480–1487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Maiorano RMS, de Sanctis L, Aversa S, Mandolini A (2009) Kinematic response analysis of piled foundation under seismic excitation. Can Geotech J 46:571–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Haldar S, Babu GLS (2010) Failure mechanisms of pile foundations in liquefiable soil: parametric study. Int J Geomech ASCE 10:74–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Maheshwari BK, Sarkar R (2011) Seismic behavior of soil-pile-structure interaction in liquefiable soils: parametric study. Int J Geomech ASCE 11(4):335–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Phanikanth VS, Choudhury D, Reddy GR (2013) Behaviour of single pile in liquefied deposits during earthquakes. Int J Geomech ASCE 13(4):454–462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Chatterjee K, Choudhury D, Poulos HG (2015) Seismic analysis of laterally loaded pile under influence of vertical loading using finite element method. Comput Geotech 67:172–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Chatterjee K, Choudhury D, Rao VD, Mukherjee SP (2015) Dynamic analyses and field observations on piles in Kolkata city. Geomech Eng Int J 8(3):415–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Chatterjee K, Choudhury D (2015) Analytical and numerical approaches to compute the influence of vertical load on lateral response of single pile. Jpn Geotech Soc Spec Publ 2(36):1319–1322

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kumar A, Choudhury D (2016) DSSI analysis of pile foundations for an oil tank in Iraq. Proc Inst Civil Eng Geotech Eng ICE Lond 162(2):129–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) (2003) Recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures—part 1: provisions. Prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Report FEMA 450), Washington DC

  41. Chatterjee K, Choudhury D (2013) Variations in shear wave velocity and soil site class in Kolkata city using regression and sensitivity analysis. Nat Hazards 69(3):2057–2082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Shiuly A, Narayan JP (2012) Deterministic seismic microzonation of Kolkata. Nat Hazards 60:223–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Sitharam TG, Anbazhagan P (2008) Site characterization using geotechnical and geophysical techniques for seismic microzonation of urban areas. In: Proceedings of international geotechnical conference on development of urban areas and geotechnical engineering, Saint Petersburg, Russia, vol I, pp 131–147

  44. Maheshwari RU, Boominathan A, Dodagoudar GR (2010) Use of surface waves in statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance of Chennai soils. Geotech Geol Eng 28:119–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Mhaske SY, Choudhury D (2011) Geospatial contour mapping of shear wave velocity for Mumbai city. Nat Hazards 59:317–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Nath SK, Thingbaijam KKS, Raj A (2008) Earthquake hazard in Northeast India—a seismic microzonation approach with typical case studies from Sikkim Himalaya and Guwahati city. J Earth Syst Sci 117:809–831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Kramer SL (2005) Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Pearson Education, London

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ordonez GA (2004) SHAKE2000: A computer program for the 1D analysis of geotechnical earthquake engineering problems. User’s manual, GeoMotions LLC Lacey, Washington USA

  49. IS 1893 Part 1 (2002) Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures: part 1 general provisions and buildings. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hetenyi M (1946) Beams on elastic foundation: theory with applications in the fields of civil and mechanical engineering. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor

    Google Scholar 

  51. Meera RS, Shanker K, Basudhar PK (2007) Flexural response of piles under liquefied soil conditions. Geotech Geol Eng 25:409–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Tokimatsu K (1999) Performance of pile foundations in laterally spreading soils. In: Proceedings of 2nd international conference on earthquake geotechnical engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, pp 957–964

  53. Choudhury D, Phanikanth VS, Mhaske SY, Phule RR, Chatterjee K (2015) Seismic liquefaction hazard and site response for design of piles in Mumbai city. Indian Geotech J 45(1):62–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ishihara K, Cubrinovski M (1998) Performance of large-diameter piles subjected to lateral spreading of liquefied deposits. In: 13th Southeast Asian geotechnical conference, Taipei, Taiwan

  55. JRA Part V (1996) Specification for highway bridges: seismic design. Japan Road Association

  56. MATLAB (2012) Programming, version 7. The Math Works Inc

  57. IS 2911 Part1 Section 1 (2010) Indian standard code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  58. Tokimatsu K, Suzuki H, Sato M (2005) Effects of dynamic soil-pile structure interaction on pile stresses. J Struct Constr Eng 70(587):125–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to C. E. Testing Company Pvt. Limited, Kolkata for providing authentic soil data of Kolkata city and its surrounding region to carry out this research work. The authors also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive suggestions to improve the original manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India

    Kaustav Chatterjee

Authors
  1. Kaustav Chatterjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kaustav Chatterjee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chatterjee, K. Impact of Ground Response Analysis on Seismic Behavior and Design of Piles in Kolkata City. Indian Geotech J 48, 459–473 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0264-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-017-0264-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation