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A Review of Bone Regeneration Mechanisms and Bone Scaffold Fabrication Techniques (Conventional and Non-Conventional)

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Abstract

Bone is presently one of the most transplanted tissues with about 15 million fracture cases annually. Bone repair options include Human bone materials (allografts), animal bone materials (xenografts). However, issues such as pain, infection, and immunological rejection have aided in the development of artificial scaffolds such as bone. Autographs and allographs have been utilized for some time in clinical practice; however, they do have problems. The consequences of bone surgical operations may be suboptimal due to intrinsic limitations in the precision and replicability of traditional scaffolding techniques. Despite advancements in bone tissue technology, which provide an impressive instrument for bone replacement, this remains a challenge. Rapid prototyping technologies are an alternative and widely utilized in bone tissue procedures, boosting mechanical strength, porosity geometry, and bioactive components of tissue regeneration while removing some of the drawbacks of previous technologies. This paper discusses the fundamental principles and characteristics of various bone tissue repair mechanisms, as well as traditional and non-traditional fabrication technologies such as freeze-drying procedures, gases foaming, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling, as well as challenges encountered during RPs methods. Tissue scaffolds made with rapid prototyping technologies could be a viable treatment option for bone abnormalities in the future.

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  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Srinagar, India

    Ali Imran Ansari & Nazir Ahmad Sheikh

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  1. Ali Imran Ansari
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Ansari, A.I., Sheikh, N.A. A Review of Bone Regeneration Mechanisms and Bone Scaffold Fabrication Techniques (Conventional and Non-Conventional). J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C 103, 1485–1513 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-022-00880-2

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