Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cathodic Protection Technology for Protection of Naval Structures Against Corrosion

  • Review
  • Published:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present paper describes the basic causes of corrosion of naval/marine structures and the principles of cathodic protection. It also provides a review of available sacrificial anodes and impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) anodes with their advantages and disadvantages for the protection of marine structures in particular ship’s hulls with emphasis on the advances made during the past several years. The most important advances in the area of cathodic protection of ships are the physical scale modelling and computer modelling for the last one and half decade. The merits and demerits of physical scale modelling and computer scale modelling are discussed in detail. Finally, the importance and need of a software package which can decide the optimum number of anodes and reference electrodes and their optimum position in the underwater portion of different marine structures and various classes of ship’s hull under all operating conditions is emphasised.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gurrappa I (2005) Cathodic protection of cooling water systems and selection of appropriate materials. J Mater Process Technol 166:256–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gurrappa I, Yashwanth IVS (2010) The significance of aluminium alloys for cathodic protection technology. In: Persson EL (ed) Aluminium alloys: preparation, properties and applications, Nova Science Publishers, New York, ISBN: 978-1-61122-311-8, pp 125–142

  3. Gudze MT, Melchers RE (2008) Operational based corrosion analysis in naval ships. Corros Sci 50:3296–3307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Heyer A, D’Souza F, Leon Morales CF, Ferrari G, Mol JMC, De Wit JHW (2013) Ship ballast tanks a review from microbial corrosion and electrochemical point of view. Ocean Eng 70:188–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ashworth V (2010) Principles of cathodic protection. Shreir’s Corros 4:2747–2762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Tupper EC (2013) Introduction to naval architecture, 5th edn. pp 299–341

  7. Hack HP (2010) Galvanic corrosion. Shreir’s Corros 2:828–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Moan T, Uraga EA (2008) Reliability based assessment of deteriorating ship structures operating in multiple sea loading climates. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 93:433–446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Evitts RW (2012) Handbook of environmental degradation of materials, 2nd edn. pp 359–380

  10. Barbalat M, Caron D, Lanarde L, Meyer M, Fontaine S, Castillon F, Vittonato JPh, Refait Ph (2013) Estimation of residual corrosion rates of steel under cathodic protection in soils via voltammetry. Corros Sci 73:222–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Refait Ph, Jeannin M, Sabot R, Antony H, Pineau S (2013) Electrochemical formation and transformation of corrosion products on carbon steel under cathodic protection in seawater. Corros Sci 71:32–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Evitts RW (2005) Handbook of environmental degradation of materials. William Andrews Publishing, New York, pp 229–241

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. Collazo A, Izquierdo M, Nóvoa XR, Pérez C (2007) Surface treatment of carbon steel substrates to prevent cathodic delamination. Electrochim Acta 52:7513–7518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gurrappa I, Karnik JA (1994) The effect of tin activated aluminium alloy anodes of the addition of bismuth. Corros Prev Control 41:117–121

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gurrappa I (1993) The surface free energy and anode efficiency of aluminium alloys. Corros Prev Control 40:111–114

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kulkarni AG, Gurrappa I, Karnik JA (1991) Bismuth activated aluminium alloy anodes. Bull Electrochem 7:549–553

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kulkarni AG, Gurrappa I (1993) Effect of magnesium addition on the surface free energy and anode efficiency of indium activated aluminium alloys. Br Corros J 28:67–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Gurrappa I, Karnik JA (1993) Effect of heat treatment on anode capacity of indium activated aluminium alloys. SAEST 28:118–122

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gurrappa I, Karnik JA (1996) Development of aluminium alloy anodes for cathodic protection of ships. Corros Prev Control 43:77–85

    Google Scholar 

  20. Schrieber CF, Reding JT (1967) Field testing a new aluminium anode: Al–Hg–Zn galvanic anode for seawater applications. Mater Prot 6:33–36

    Google Scholar 

  21. Keir DS, Pryor MJ, Sperry PR (1977) Galvanic corrosion characteristics of aluminium alloyed with group IV elements. J Electrochem Soc 114:777–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Murai T, Miura C, Tamura Y (1977) On aluminium galvanic anodes. Bull. Bismuth Institute, Third Quarter, pp 17–20

    Google Scholar 

  23. U. S. Patent, 1968, No. 3.368958

  24. Sakano T, Toda K, Hanada M (1966) Tests on the effect of indium for high performance aluminium anodes. Mater Prot 5:45–50

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bessone JB (1986), Association Brasileira de Corrosao (ABRACO) Seminario National de Corrosao (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ABBRACO) 163

  26. Reboul MC, Gimenez PH, Rameau JJ (1984) A proposed activation mechanism for Al anodes. Corrosion 40:366–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Breslin CB, Carroll WM (1993) The activation of aluminium by indium ions in chloride, bromide and iodide solutions. Corros Sci 34:327–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Carroll WM, Breslin CB (1992) Activation of aluminium in halide solutions containing activator ions. Corros Sci 33:1161–1177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Reboul MC, Delatte MC (1980) Activation mechanism for sacrificial Al–Zn–Hg anodes. Mater Perform 19:35–41

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tamada A, Tamura Y (1993) The electrochemical characteristics of aluminium galvanic anodes in an arctic seawater. Corros Sci 34:261–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lin JC, Shih HC (1987) Improvement of the current efficiency of an Al–Zn–In anodes by heat treatment. J Electrochem Soc 134:817–823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sheir LL (1984) Corrosion of metals and alloys. Chap 11.17

  33. Shreir LL (1977) Platinum provides protection for steel structures. Platin Met Rev 22:110–121

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gurrappa I (2001) Smart Approaches in Designing Effective Cathodic Protection Systems. In: Proceedings of all India convention on cathodic protection engineering, Mumbai, India, pp E 1–40

  35. Gurrappa I, Yashwanth IVS, GogiaAK (2012) The selection materials for marine applications. In: Volkov Konstantin (ed) Gas turbines ISBN: 979-953-307-816-7, INTEC Publishers, Chicago, pp 51–70

  36. Gurrappa I, Yashwanth IVS (2013) The role of corrosion and its importance in industries and society. In: Proceedings of fifth ISEC triennial international conference on advances and recent trends in electrochemistry, Hyderabad, pp 137–151

  37. Bryan WT (1970) Use of high silicon chromium iron anodes for deep groundbeds. Mater Perform 9:25–30

    Google Scholar 

  38. Jakobs JA (1981) A comparison of anodes for impressed current systems. Mater Perform 20:17–23

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kokinney YM, Cangi J (1976) Proceedings NACE Conference, Houston, p 84

  40. Kroon DH, Schreiber CF (1984) Proceedings NACE Conference, Houston, p 44

  41. Berkeley KGC (1984) Proceedings NACE Conference, Houston, p 48

  42. Paul NJ, Said SM, Gobaisi DM (1985) A new dimensionally stable anode for cathodic protection for impressed systems. Corros Main 8:109–113

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dreyman EW (1972) Precious metal anodes-state of the art. Mater Prot Perform 11:17–20

    Google Scholar 

  44. Warne MA, Heyfield PCS (1976) Platinised titanium anodes for use in cathodic protection. Mater Perform 15:39–42

    Google Scholar 

  45. NACE Publication 56-1 (1956). Corrosion 12: 47t

  46. Warne MA (1979) Precious metal anodes-options for cathodic protection. Mater Perform 18:32–38

    Google Scholar 

  47. Tatum JF (1979) Platinized anodes in carbonaceous backfills-a new dimension. Mater Perform 18:30–33

    Google Scholar 

  48. Baboian R (1979) New developments in platinum type anodes. Mater Perform 18:9–15

    Google Scholar 

  49. Linder B (1979) Magnetite anodes for impressed current cathodic protection. Mater Perform 18:17–19

    Google Scholar 

  50. Jakobs JA, Hewes FW (1979) Caproco Corporation Prevention Ltd., Edmonton, Report F/4003/79

  51. Jakogs JA, Hewes FW (1984) International congress on metallic corrosion, Toranto, 4: 78

  52. Tudor S, Miller WL, Ticker A, Preiser HS (1958) Electrochemical deterioration of graphite and high silicon iron anodes in sodium chloride electrolytes. Corrosion 14:53–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Brady GD (1971) Graphite anodes for impressed current cathodic protection: a practical approach. Mater Prot Perform 10:20–22

    Google Scholar 

  54. Babosian R (1977) Performance of Pt anodes in impressed current cathodic protection. Mater Perform 16:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kumar A, Armstrong MD (1988) Cathodic protection using ceramic coated anodes. Mater Perform 27:19–23

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kessler RJ, Powers RG (1989) Conductive rubber as an impressed anode—cathodic protection of steel-reinforced concrete. Mater Perform 28:24–27

    Google Scholar 

  57. Gurrappa I, Karnik JA (1995) Physical scale modelling for cathodic protection of ships. Corros Prev Control 42:43–47

    Google Scholar 

  58. Gurrappa I (1994) Physical and computer modelling for ship’s impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems. Corros Prev Control 41:40–45

    Google Scholar 

  59. Morgan J (1987) Cathodic protection, 2nd edn. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

    Google Scholar 

  60. Benedict RL (ed) (1987) Classic papers and reviews on anode resistance fundamentals and applications. National Association Corrosion Engineers, Houston

    Google Scholar 

  61. Hack HP, Guanti RJ (1989) Effect of high flow on calcareous deposits and cathodic protection current density. Mater Perform 28:29–40

    Google Scholar 

  62. Tighe-Ford DJ, McGrath JN, Hodgkiss L (1985) Design improvements for a ship’s impressed current cathodic protection system using dimension and conductivity scaling (DACS). Corros Prev Control 32:89–91

    Google Scholar 

  63. Tighe-Ford DJ, Ramaswamy S (1988) The use of stylised physical scale models for studying the impressed current cathodic protection of ships. Corros Prev Control 35:122–127

    Google Scholar 

  64. McGrath JN, Tighe-Ford DJ, Hodgkiss L (1985) Scale modelling of a ship’s impressed current cathodic protection system. Corros Prev Control 32:36–38

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tighe-Ford DJ, Botten RA, Hughes RD (1990) Study of design criteria for ship impressed current cathodic protection by stylised modelling. Corros Prev Control 38:5–11

    Google Scholar 

  66. Tighe-Ford DJ, McGrath JN, Wareham MP (1998) Evaluation of warship impressed current cathodic protection systems. Trans I Mar E 100:185–191

    Google Scholar 

  67. McGrath JN, Tighe-Ford DJ, Hodgkiss L (1990) Scale modeling of impressed current cathodic protection systems for ships. J Naval Eng 29:314–322

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tighe-Ford DJ, Khambhaita P (1991) Effect of paint damage and under-way conditions upon ship ICCP current demands. Corros Prev Control 38:85–89

    Google Scholar 

  69. Tighe-Ford DJ, Khambhaita P, Walton CP (1993) Effect of propeller material and condition on the impressed current cathodic protection of ships. Corros Prev Control 40:79–83

    Google Scholar 

  70. Thomas ED, Parks AR (1989) CORROSION/89, Paper No: 274, Houston, Texas

  71. Parks AR, Thomas ED, Lucas KE (1991) Physical scale modelling verification with shipboard trials. Mater Perform 30:26–29

    Google Scholar 

  72. Warne MA (1982) Proceedings 1st international conference on cathodic protection theory and practice. Institution of Corrosion Science and Technology, Leighton Buzzard

  73. Gartland PO (1983) Proceedings seminar on offshore Corrosion, norse petroleum forening, Stavanger, Norway, 18–19 Jan 1983

  74. Gurrappa I (2009) Smart designs for ships impressed current cathodic protection systems—a report, pp 1–47

  75. Haroun M, Erbar R, Heidersbach R (1986) Use of computers in corrosion control and monitoring. Mater Perform 25:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sander KF (1982) Proceedings 1st international conference on cathodic protection theory and practice. Institution of Corrosion Science and Technology, Leighton Buzzard

  77. Doig P, Flewitt PEJ (1979) A finite difference numerical analysis of galvanic corrosion for semi-infinite linear coplanar electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 126:2057–2063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Munn RS (1986) Microcomputer corrosion analysis for structures in inhomogeneous electrolytes. Mater Perform 25:33–42

    Google Scholar 

  79. Strommen R, Rodland A (1981) Computerised techniques applied in design of offshore cathodic protection systems. Mater Perform 20:15–20

    Google Scholar 

  80. Haroun M, Erbar R, Heidersbach R (1988), Corrosion 88, paper no. 98. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  81. Forrest AW, Bicicchi RT (1981) Cathodic protection of bronze propellers for copper–nickel–surface ships. Corrosion 37:349–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Munn RS (1982) A mathematical model for a galvanic anode cathodic protection system. Mater Perform 21:29–35

    Google Scholar 

  83. Munn RS (1983) Corrosion 83, paper no. 212. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  84. Kasper RG, April MG (1982) Corrosion 82, paper no. 82. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  85. Helle HPE, Beek BHM, Ligtelijn JT (1981) Numerical distribution of potential distributions and current densities in multi-electrode systems. Corrosion 37:522–529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. DeCarlo EA (1983) Computer-aided cathodic protection design technique for complex offshore strictures. Mater Perform 22:38–44

    Google Scholar 

  87. Santana Diaz E, Adey R (2005) Optimising the location of anodes in cathodic protection systems to smooth potential distribution. Adv Eng Softw 36:591–598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Wu J, Xing S, Liang C, Lu L, Yan Y (2011) The influence of electrode position and output current on the corrosion related electro-magnetic field of ship. Adv Eng Softw 42:902–909

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Abrahamsson R, Kay SM, Stoica P (2007) Estimation of the parameters of a bilinear model with applications to submarine detection and system identification. Digit Signal Process 17:756–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Montoya R, Aperador W, Bastidas DM (2009) Influence of conductivity on cathodic protection of reinforced alkali-activated slag mortar using the finite element method. Corros Sci 51:2857–2862

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Trethewey KR, Roberge PR (1994) Lifetime prediction in engineering systems: the influence of people. Mater Design 15:275–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Fu JW, Chow JSK (1982) Cathodic protection designs using an integral numerical equation method. Mater Perform 21:9–12

    Google Scholar 

  93. Bardal E, Johnson R, Gartland PO (1984) Prediction of galvanic corrosion rates and distribution by means of calculation and experimental models. Corrosion 40:628–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Cherry BW, Foo M, Siauw TH (1986) Boundary element analysis method of the potential field association with a corroding electrode. Corrosion 42:654–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Strommen R, Keim W, Finnegan J, Mehdizadeh P (1987) Advances in offshore cathodic protection modelling using the boundary element method. Mater Perform 26:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  96. Zamani NG, Chaung J, Mand J, Porter F (1987) BEM simulation of cathodic protection systems employed in infinite electrolytes. Int J Numer Methods Eng 24:605–620

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  97. Chaung JM, Zamani NG, Hsiung CC (1987) Some computational aspects of BEM simulation of cathodic protection systems. Appl Math Model 11:371–379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Gartland PO, Johnson R (1985) Corrosion 85, Paper No. 319. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  99. Zamani NG, Chung JM (1987) Optimal control of current in a cathodic protection system: a numerical investigation. Optim Control Appl Methods 8:339–350

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  100. Lacerda LAD, Silva JMD, Lázaris J (2007) Dual boundary element formulation for half-space cathodic protection analysis. Eng Anal Bound Elem 31:559–567

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  101. Wrobel LC, Miltiadou P (2004) Genetic algorithms for inverse cathodic protection systems. Eng Anal Bound Elem 28:267–271

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  102. Santiago JAF, Telles JCF (1999) A solution technique for cathodic protection with dynamic boundary conditions by the boundary element method. Adv Eng Softw 30:663–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Aoki S, Amaya K (1997) Optimization of cathodic protection system by BEM. Eng Anal Bound Elem 19:147–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. DeGiorgi VG, Wimmer SA (2005) Gemoetric details and modeling accuracy requirements for shipboard impressed current cathodic protection modeling. Eng Anal Bound Elem 29:15–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. DeGiorgi VG (2002) Evaluation of perfect paint assumptions in modeling of cathodic protection systems. Eng Anal Bound Elem 26:435–445

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  106. DeGiorgi VG, Thomas ED, Lucas KE (1998) Scale effects and verification of modelling of ship cathodic protection systems. Eng Anal Bound Elem 22:41–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Brebbia CA, Walker S (1979) Boundary element techniques in engineering. Newnes-Butterworths, London

    Google Scholar 

  108. Strommen RD, Osvoll H, Keim W (1986) Corrosion 86, Paper No. 297. National Association Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  109. Danson D, Brebbia CA, Adey RA (1982) The BEASY system. Adv Eng Softw 4:68–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Danson DJ, Warne MA (1983) Corrosion 83, Paper No. 211. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  111. Telles JCF, Mansur WJ, Marinho MG (1989) Corrosion 89, Paper No. 276. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  112. Chauchot P, Bigourdan B, Lemmoine L (1989) Corrosion 89, Paper No. 401. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston

  113. Martinez S, Stern I (2000) A mathematical model for internal cathodic protection of cylindrical structures by wire anodes. J Appl Electrochem 30:1053–1060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Zamani NG, Porter JF, Mufti AA (1986) A survey of computational efforts in the field of corrosion engineering. Int J Numer Methods Eng 23:1295–1311

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  115. Jia JX, Song G, Atrens A, St. John D, Baynham J, Chandler G (2004) Evaluation of the BEASY program using linear and piecewise linear approaches for the boundary conditions. Mater Corros 55:845–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory Kanchanbagh PO, Hyderabad, 500 058, India

    I. Gurrappa

  2. M.V.S.R. Engineering College, Nadargul, Hyderabad, 501 510, India

    I. V. S. Yashwanth & I. Mounika

Authors
  1. I. Gurrappa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. I. V. S. Yashwanth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. Mounika
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to I. Gurrappa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gurrappa, I., Yashwanth, I.V.S. & Mounika, I. Cathodic Protection Technology for Protection of Naval Structures Against Corrosion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci. 85, 1–18 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-014-0182-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-014-0182-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation