Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Impact of Regional Quality Assessment of Tinospora cordifolia: A Scientific Perspective for Exploration of Harvest Strategy as a Quality Marker

  • FULL-LENGTH RESEARCH ARTICLE
  • Published:
Agricultural Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The quality of the phytochemicals present in ayurvedic medicinal plants varies depending upon the growth conditions, quality of soils and agricultural practices. The introduction of Q-markers is a more reliable and advance approach for phytochemical assessment of herbal drugs. However, it should be considered initially before harvesting of medicinal plants and focus should be on production of high-yield phytochemicals herbal raw materials. Presently, there is a need to monitor the phytochemical content of an agricultural produce, so that the consumer gets a product of reliable quality. Climate factors, such as day length, rainfall, and temperature, extensively impact the physical and biochemical characteristics of medicinal plants. The present work highlights the different geographical regions, the extraction methods and exploring of phytochemical constituents. Special emphasis is focusing Tinospora cordifolia (T. cordifolia) from three different climatic conditions and screening the potentials markers by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC MS) for the first time. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate method along with total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Moreover, the identification and interpretation of medicinally important phytoactive compounds of three samples of T. cordifolia (TC-1, TC-2 and TC-3) is done by using the modern analytical tool Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) technique. The maximum concentration of phenolic and flavonoid content was obtained in sample TC-1 49.66 and 61 mg/g respectively, whereas IC50 value in TC-1, TC-2, and TC-3 was observed as 179.08, 168.2, and 256.3 μg/mL respectively. In GC–MS analysis, a total 145, 166, and 138 peaks were detected in the methanolic extracts of TC-1, TC-2, and TC-3, respectively. Nowadays, it is necessary to go beyond this, and a combination of yield and bioactives as Q-marker should be the focus in agriculture. The present approach could help in developing a harvest strategy or taking remedial measures to obtain qualified medicinal bioactives, especially in different climatic conditions, and predicting the quality markers would aid in decision-making in field management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agoramoorthy G, Chandrasekaran M, Venkatesalu V, Hsu MJ (2007) Antibacterial and antifungal activities of fatty acid methyl esters of the blind-your-eye mangrove from India. Braz J Microbiol 38:739–742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Aktar MW, Sengupta D, Chowdhury A (2009) Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol 2(1):1–12

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Anil M, Suresh P (2011) Determination of free radical scavenging activity in herbal supplement: chyawanprash. Int J Drug Dev Res 3(1):328–333

    Google Scholar 

  4. Aparna V, Dileep KV, Mandal PK, Karthe P, Sadasivan C, Haridas M (2012) Anti-Inflammatory property of n-hexadecanoic acid: structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chem Biol Drug Des 80(3):434–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Balachandran K, Asirvatham AR, Mahadevan S (2019) Calcium-Calcitriol: a match made in heaven? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 1(23):649

    Google Scholar 

  6. Blois MS (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181(4617):1199–1200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bray HG, Thorpe WV (1954) Analysis of phenolic compounds of interest in metabolism. Methods Biochem Anal 1:27–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Choudhary N, Siddiqui MB, Azmat S, Khatoon S (2013) Tinospora cordifolia: ethnobotany, phytopharmacology and phytochemistry aspects. Int J Pharm Sci Res 4(3):891–899

    Google Scholar 

  9. Deep A, Phogat P, Kumar M, Kakkar S, Mittal S, Malhotra M (2012) New tetradecanoic acid hydrazones in the search for antifungal agents: synthesis and in vitro evaluations. Acta Pol Pharm 1(69):129–133

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dhaiwal K, Chahal KK, Kataria D, Kumar A (2017) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro antioxidant potential of ajwain seed (Trachyspermum ammi L.) essential oil and its extracts. J Food Biochem 41(3):e12364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fiehn O (2016) Metabolomics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: combined targeted and untargeted profiling. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142727.mb3004s114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. He C, Wei J, Jin Y, Chen S (2010) Bioactive components of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhizae: changes related to harvest time and germplasm line. Ind Crops Prod 32(3):313–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Henry GE, Momin RA, Nair MG, Dewitt DL (2002) Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food. J Agric Food Chem 50(8):2231–2234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang L, Zhu X, Zhou S, Zhenrui C, Shi K, Zhang C et al (2021) Phthalic acid esters: natural sources and biological activities. Toxins 16(13):495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kang T, Dou D, Xu L (2019) Establishment of a quality marker (Q-marker) system for Chinese herbal medicines using burdock as an example. Phytomedicine 54:339–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Karkal YR, Bairy LK (2007) Safety of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) in healthy volunteers: a double blind randomised placebo controlled study

  17. Kaur N, Chaudhary* J, Jain A, Kishore LN (2011) Stigmasterol: a comprehensive review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2(9):2259–2265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kedare SB, Singh RP (2011) Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. J Food Sci Technol 48(4):412–422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Loganayaki N, Siddhuraju P, Manian S (2013) Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging capacity of phenolic extracts from Helicteres isora L. and Ceiba pentandra L. J Food Sci Technol 50(4):687–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Meshram A, Bhagyawant S, Gautam S, Srivastava N (2013) Potential role of Tinospora cordifolia in pharmaceuticals. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 26(2):4615–4625

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mishra A, Kumar S, Pandey AK (2013) Scientific validation of the medicinal efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia. Sci World J 2013:292934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Mohammadi Nejad S, Özgüneş H, Başaran N (2017) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of eugenol. Turk J Pharm Sci. 14(2):201–206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Mudau FN, Chimonyo VGP, Modi AT, Mabhaudhi T (2021) Neglected and underutilised crops: a systematic review of their potential as food and herbal medicinal crops in South Africa. Front Pharmacol 12:809866

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nair PKR, Rodriguez S, Ramachandran R, Alamo A, Melnick SJ, Escalon E et al (2004) Immune stimulating properties of a novel polysaccharide from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia. Int Immunopharmacol 4(13):1645–1659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nikbakhtzadeh MR, Tirgari S, Fakoorziba MR, Alipour H (2009) Two volatiles from the venom gland of the Samsum ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis. Toxicon 54(1):80–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Patil MS, Patki PS, Kamath HV, Patwardhan B (1997) Antistress activity of Tinospora cordifolia (wild) Miers. Indian Drugs 34:211–215

    Google Scholar 

  27. Porwal O, Singh S, Patel D, Gupta S, Tripathi R, Katekhaye S (2020) Cultivation, collection and processing of medicinal plants, pp 14–30

  28. Rana V, Thakur K, Sood R, Sharma V, Sharma TR (2012) Genetic diversity analysis of Tinospora cordifolia germplasm collected from northwestern Himalayan region of India. J Genet 91(1):99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sangeetha MK, Priya CDM, Vasanthi HR (2013) Anti-diabetic property of Tinospora cordifolia and its active compound is mediated through the expression of Glut-4 in L6 myotubes. Phytomedicine 20(3–4):246–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sarada K, Jothibai Margret R, Mohan VR (2011) GC–MS determination of bioactive components of naringi crenulata (Roxb) nicolson. Int J ChemTech Res 3(3):1548–1555

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Simonkai HLC (2007) Natural product communications chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential. Nat Prod Commun 2(6):675–679

    Google Scholar 

  32. Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B, Ghosh AC (2003) Chemistry and Medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). Indian J Pharmacol 1(35):83–91

    Google Scholar 

  33. Singh N, Singh SM, Shrivastava P (2004) Immunomodulatory and antitumor actions of medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia are mediated through activation of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 26(1):145–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, vol 1, part 1. Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (1999)

  35. The wealth of India: a dictionary of indian raw materials and industrial products (Industrial Products—Part I). Ind Med Gaz 84(10):476–477 (1949)

  36. Thirupurasundari CJ, Padmini R, Devaraj SN (2009) Effect of berberine on the antioxidant status, ultrastructural modifications and protein bound carbohydrates in azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. Chem Biol Interact 177(3):190–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Vedavathy S, Rao KN (1991) Antipyretic activity of six indigenous medicinal plants of Tirumala Hills, Andhra Pradesh. India J Ethnopharmacol 33(1–2):193–196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wesley JJ, Christina AJ, Chidambaranathan N, Livingston R, Ravikumar K (2008) Effect of alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia on acute and subacute Inflammation. Pharmacologyonline 3:683–687

    Google Scholar 

  39. WHO G (2003) WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants

  40. World Health Organization (1998) Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  41. Yang L, Wen K-S, Ruan X, Zhao Y-X, Wei F, Wang Q (2018) Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules 23(4):762

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Yang W, Zhang Y, Wu W, Huang L, Guo D, Liu C (2017) Approaches to establish Q-markers for the quality standards of traditional Chinese medicines. Acta Pharm Sin B 7(4):439–446

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Yuan Y, Tang X, Jia Z, Li C, Ma J, Zhang J (2020) The effects of ecological factors on the main medicinal components of dendrobium officinale under different cultivation modes. Forests 11(1):94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zalawadia R, Gandhi C, Patel V, Balaraman R (2009) The protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia on various mast cell mediated allergic reactions. Pharm Biol 47(11):1096–1106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhao X, Zheng X, Fan T-P, Zijian LI, Zhang Y, Zheng J (2015) A novel drug discovery strategy inspired by traditional medicine philosophies. Science 347:S38–S40

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my hearty thanks to the Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, and NMPB, Ministry of AYUSH, for providing necessary chemicals and guidelines.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India

    Atiqul Islam & Alok Sharma

  2. Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, CCRAS, Jhansi, 284003, India

    Harjeet Singh

Authors
  1. Atiqul Islam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Harjeet Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alok Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AS conceived the original idea of the manuscript, whereas AS did an extensive research work. AS, HS and AS wrote the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and guided in the compilation and data analysis of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alok Sharma.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Islam, A., Singh, H. & Sharma, A. Impact of Regional Quality Assessment of Tinospora cordifolia: A Scientific Perspective for Exploration of Harvest Strategy as a Quality Marker. Agric Res 12, 277–284 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-022-00645-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-022-00645-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation