Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental and health risks of potentially toxic elements in ambient PM10 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Source apportionment and environmental and risk assessments of ambient PM10 collected from three locations in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were investigated. These estimations were based on the concentrations of ambient PM10 mass and potentially toxic elements. The annual ambient PM10 concentration, 120 ± 40, 180 ± 170, and 150 ± 230 µg/m3 at three locations respectively, exceeds the Saudi Arabia annual air quality limit (80 µg/m3). The highest 24-h PM10 concentrations were measured at a location influenced by traffic and industries (1800 µg/m3) and at a seaside location (2000 µg/m3) while the lowest 24-h PM10 concentration was measured at a university campus site (50 µg/m3). The elements As, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Te, V, and Zn were included in the source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization. The major sources identified were crustal material and windblown dust (27–28%), a mix of natural and anthropogenic sources (20–26%), combustion and traffic (18–21%), industrial activities (14–20%), and heavy metal industry (11–15%). Several environmental risk indices show a serious environmental pollution problem in Jeddah city due to the high concentrations of ambient PM10 and their elemental content. A non-carcinogenic health risk assessment showed that Cd and Mn constituted a risk for children and adults and inhalation was the main pathway for exposure. No carcinogenic risks were found but Cd, Co, and Ni had CR values above the safe limit of 10–6.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets of the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Abdulaziz M, Alshehri A, Yadav IC, Badri H (2022) Pollution level and health risk assessment of heavy metals in ambient air and surface dust from Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Air Qual Atmos Health 15:799–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-022-01176-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alghamdi MA (2016) Characteristics and risk assessment of heavy metals in airborne pm10 from a residential area of northern jeddah city, saudi arabia. Pol J Environ Stud 25:939–949. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/61531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alharbi BH, Pasha MJ, Al-Shamsi MAS (2019) Influence of different urban structures on metal contamination in two metropolitan cities. Sci Rep 9:4920. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40180-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Jeelani H (2015) Factors affecting PM10 levels in the atmosphere of the industrial area in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J King Abdulaziz Univ-Meteorol Environ Arid Land Agric Sci 26:27–35. https://doi.org/10.4197/Met.26-1.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boente C, Zafra-Pérez A, Fernández-Caliani JC, Sánchez de la Campa A, Sánchez-Rodas D, de la Rosa JD (2023) Source apportionment of potentially toxic PM10 near a vast metallic ore mine and health risk assessment for residents exposed. Atmos Environ 301:119696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalvatzaki E, Chatoutsidou SE, Lehtomäki H, Almeida SM, Eleftheriadis K, Hänninen O, Lazaridis M (2019) Characterization of human health risks from particulate air pollution in selected European cities. Atmosphere 10:96

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • EU (2019) Air quality standards, https://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/standards.htm. Cited 19/8/2019 2019

  • Fabretti J-F, Sauret N, Gal J-F, Maria P-C, Schärer U (2009) Elemental characterization and source identification of PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization: the Malraux road tunnel, nice. France Atmos Res 94:320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.06.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habeebullah TM, Munir S, Zeb J, Morsy EA (2022a) Analysis and sources identification of atmospheric pm10 and its cation and anion contents in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Atmosphere 13:87

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Habeebullah TM, Munir S, Zeb J, Morsy EA (2022b) Source apportionment of atmospheric PM10 in Makkah Saudi Arabia by modelling its ion and trace element contents with positive matrix factorization and generalised additive model. Toxics 10:119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution-control-a sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison RM, Bousiotis D, Mohorjy AM, Alkhalaf AK, Shamy M, Alghamdi M, Khoder M, Costa M (2017) Health risk associated with airborne particulate matter and its components in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 590–591:531–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinds WC (1999) Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussein T, Alghamdi MA, Khoder M, AbdelMaksoud AS, Al-Jeelani H, Goknil MK, Shabbaj II, Almehmadi FM, Hyvärinen A, Lihavainen H, Hämeri K (2014) Particulate matter and number concentrations of particles larger than 0.25 μm in the urban atmosphere of Jeddah. Saudi Arabia Aerosol Air Qual Res 14:1383–1391. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.02.0027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IARC (2016) IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. world health organization.

  • Kadi M, Iqbal I, Ali N, Shaltout A (2020) Spectroscopic assessment of platinum group elements of PM10 particles sampled in three different areas in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:3339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khobragade PP, Ahirwar AV (2021) Source apportionment of SPM by positive matrix factorization and PM2.5 analysis in an urban industrial area. World J Eng Ahead-of-Print. https://doi.org/10.1108/Wje-11-2020-0550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khodeir M, Shamy M, Alghamdi M, Zhong M, Sun H, Costa M, Chen LC, Maciejczyk P (2012) Source apportionment and elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Jeddah city. Saudi Arabia Atmos Pollut Res 3:331–340. https://doi.org/10.5094/apr.2012.037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalska JB, Mazurek R, Gasiorek M, Zaleski T (2018) Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination-a review. Environ Geochem Health 40:2395–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee E, Chan CK, Paatero P (1999) Application of positive matrix factorization in source apportionment of particulate pollutants in Hong Kong. Atmos Environ 33:3201–3212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00113-2

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim CC, Thurston GD, Shamy M, Alghamdi M, Khoder M, Mohorjy AM, Alkhalaf AK, Brocato J, Chen LC, Costa M (2018) Temporal variations of fine and coarse particulate matter sources in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 68:123–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1344158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Megido L, Suárez-Peña B, Negral L, Castrillón L, Fernández-Nava Y (2017) Suburban air quality: human health hazard assessment of potentially toxic elements in PM10. Chemosphere 177:284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadadur SS, Hollingsworth JW (2015) Air pollution and health effects. Springer, London, p 448

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nayebare SR, Aburizaiza OS, Siddique A, Carpenter DO, Hussain MM, Zeb J, Aburiziza AJ, Khwaja HA (2018) Ambient air quality in the holy city of Makkah: a source apportionment with elemental enrichment factors (EFs) and factor analysis (PMF). Environ Pollut 243:1791–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris G, Duvall R, Brown S, Bai S (2014) EPA positive matrix factorization (PMF) 50 US environmental protection agency office of research and development. Washington DC, USA

  • Pan L, Fang G, Wang Y, Wang L, Su B, Li D, Xiang B (2018) Potentially toxic element pollution levels and risk assessment of soils and sediments in the upstream river, Miyun reservoir, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112364

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • PME (2001) General Environmental Regulations and Rules for Implementation In: Environment PoMa (ed) General Environmental Regulations and Rules for Implementation Presidency of Meteorology and Environment Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, pp. 206.

  • Porter WC, Khalil MAK, Butenhoff CL, Almazroui M, Al-Khalaf AK, Al-Sahafi MS (2014) Annual and weekly patterns of ozone and particulate matter in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 64:817–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2014.893931

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shabbaj II, Alghamdi MA, Shamy M, Hassan SK, Alsharif MM, Khoder MI (2018) Risk assessment and implication of human exposure to road dust heavy metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15:36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaltout AA, Harfouche M, Ahmed SI, Czyzycki M, Karydas AG (2018) Synchrotron radiation total reflection X-ray fluorescence (SR-TXRF) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) of fractionated air particulates collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Microchem J 137:78–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaltout AA, Hassan SK, Alomairy SE, Manousakas M, Karydas AG, Eleftheriadis K (2019) Correlation between inorganic pollutants in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) collected from industrial and residential areas in greater Cairo. Egypt Air Qual, Atmos Health 12:241–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Singh G (2022) Human health risk assessment in PM10-bound trace elements, seasonal patterns, and source apportionment study in a critically polluted coking coalfield area of India. Integr Environ Assess Manag 18:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4474

    Article  MathSciNet  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S.EPA (1986) Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual. In: (U.S.EPA) USEPA (ed) Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, USA.

  • U.S.EPA (1991) Risk assessment guidance for superfund Volume 1: Human health evaluation manual.United States Envirnomental Protection Agency Washington, pp. OSWER directive: 9286.9286–9203.

  • U.S.EPA (2001a) Child-specific exposure factors handbooknational center for environmental assessment. DC, USA, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S.EPA (2001b) Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. In: (U.S.EPA) USEPA (ed) Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) Washington, DC, USA.

  • U.S.EPA (2004) Risk assessment guidance for superfund: volume I - human health evaluation manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) (Final). EPA/540/R/99/005. OSWER directive 9285.7e02EP. Office of superfund remediation and technology innovation, U.S. environmental protection agency Washington, D.C., USA.

  • U.S.EPA (2009) Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I: human health evaluation manual (Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment) (Final). EPA-540-R-070e002. OSWER 9285.7–82. Office of superfund remediation and technology innovation, U.S. environmental protection agency Washington, D.C., USA.

  • U.S.EPA (2020) EPA human health risk assessment guidance. https://rais.ornl.gov/guidance/epa_hh.html. Cited 1 October 2021

  • U.S.EPA (2022) Regional screening levels (RSLs)-User’s guide. US Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzoekwe SA, Izah SC, Aigberua AO (2021) Environmental and human health risk of heavy metals in atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) around gas flaring vicinity in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Toxicol Environ Heal Sci 13:323–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00085-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi R, Chiari M, D’Alessandro A, Fermo P, Lucarelli F, Mazzei F, Nava S, Piazzalunga A, Prati P, Silvani F, Valli G (2008) A mass closure and PMF source apportionment study on the sub-micron sized aerosol fraction at urban sites in Italy. Atmos Environ 42:2240–2253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.039

    Article  CAS  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2021) Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health. Cited January 20 2022

  • WHO (2021) WHO global air quality guidelines. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

  • Wikipedia contributors (2021) Particulates. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Particulates&oldid=1006450502. Cited March 2 2021

  • Zhao X, Allen RJ, Thomson ES (2021) An implicit air quality bias due to the state of pristine aerosol. Earth’s Future 9:14. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF001979

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R468), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Spectroscopy Department, National Research Centre, Physics Research Institute, El Behooth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt

    A. A. Shaltout

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80203, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    M. W. Kadi

  3. Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    O. H. Abd-Elkader

  4. Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden

    J. Boman

Authors
  1. A. A. Shaltout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. W. Kadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. O. H. Abd-Elkader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Boman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AAS contributed to conceptualization, visualization, data curation, software, and writing-original draft. MWK contributed to conceptualization, visualization, resources, supervision, review, and editing. OHA-E contributed to validation, review, and editing. JB contributed to software, formal analysis, data curation, writing–review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. A. Shaltout.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Mohamed F. Yassin.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 987 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shaltout, A.A., Kadi, M.W., Abd-Elkader, O.H. et al. Environmental and health risks of potentially toxic elements in ambient PM10 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 6261–6274 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05405-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05405-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation