Abstract
Ambient ammonia gas (NH3(g)) was continuously measured for one year, from March 2018 to February 2019, using a passive sampling method in a source-specific monitoring campaign in Hanoi, Vietnam, providing an unprecedented picture of the spatiotemporal characteristics of NH3(g) in this city. The four survey sites (three urban and one rural) were representative of a typical downtown area, a polluted river, a crossroad, and a rural area. Regarding spatial distribution, a distinctly high concentration (79.8 ± 61.2 ppb) was indicated at the polluted river, an important source unheard of in urban areas, followed by the crossroad (38.6 ± 18.8 ppb) and the downtown (36.5 ± 20.0 ppb); the lowest concentration (35.6 ± 36.0 ppb) was observed in the rural area. Seasonal variation was thoroughly discussed, together with meteorological parameters as driving factors. The strong dependence of NH3(g) concentration on the change in temperature and relative humidity at polluted river and rural area due to the strong impact of these meteorological factors on the volatilization of NH3(g) from wastewater and agriculture, respectively, causes the highest concentration in summer at these sites. The NH3(g) intensely emitted from the polluted river in summer was, furthermore, transferred to the surrounding area under the impact of the local wind direction. However, basically, in downtown, the concentration was higher in the cooler seasons than in the warmer seasons, which was found different compared with the conventional results in most of former studies, suggesting the major impact of vehicular emission on the rise of NH3(g) in urban area.
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This work was supported by the Sumitomo Foundation (Grant No. 173025).
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This work was supported by the Sumitomo Foundation (Grant No. 173025).
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DVN was involved in the investigation (sample preparation) at all sites, conceptualization, chemical analysis, statistical analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization, software. LKN contributed to the investigation sampling sites initially. DAT helped in the investigation (sample acquisition) at Hanoi urban site. MHD contributed to the investigation (sample acquisition) at rural site. HTN contributed to the project co-administration and resources. MA was involved in the project co-administration, funding acquisition, supervision, conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing, visualization, resources.
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Van Nguyen, D., Nguyen, L.K., Tran, D.A. et al. Seasonal variation of NH3 concentration and its controlling factors in Hanoi, Vietnam, depending on the site classification. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 8277–8286 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04567-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04567-0