Abstract
The scope of this study is to protect the environment from the waste of Cr(VI) electroplating bath and convert it to the useful product. As known, Cr(VI) is a toxic materials and harmful for the health of workers and environment. Therefore, this study has aimed to develop the conversion process of the waste Cr(VI) electroplating bath to Cr(III). To identify the significant factors affecting the quality of Cr coating during the conversion, experimental design methodologies were applied. A full factorial experimental design was performed to specify the effects and interactions of the main factors and optimize the conversion process. The results were analysed statistically. The surface response method was carried out to determine the stability of the Cr(III) bath after the conversion. The maximum brightness was observed when the amount of sodium sulphate was 80–90 g/L and boric acid 60–65 g/L at pH 3.25. Coating defects were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). EDS measurements were taken to analyse the composition of the Cr coating. SEM images and EDS measurements indicated that the blackness and matte defects are due to the formation of sulphur in the Cr coating.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anonymous (2020) Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Unıted States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/healtheffects.html. Accessed 31 Mar 2020
Brenner A, Polly Burkhead CJ (1948) Physical properties of electrodeposited chromium. Part J Res Natl Bur Stand Phys 40:31–59
Charles Sneddon (2012) Chromium and its negative effects on the environment. Geology and Human Health. https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/chromium.html. Accessed 31 Mar 2020
Ehasanul Haque M, Asadul Hoque M, Mayeedul Islam M et al (2017) Effect of various operating effect of various operating parameters on trivalent chromium electroplating. J Sci Res Reports Nucl Mater Auth Cairo Egypt Panagopoulos Tak Sakon 13:1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2017/31411
Fink C (1926) Process of electroplating chromium and of preparing bath therefor. U.S. Patent 1,581,188, Aug. 20,1926
Fink C (1931) Process of producing chromium-plated articles with mirrorlike scratch finish or the like surfaces 2–5
Ghaziof S, Raeissi K, Golozar MA (2010) Improving the corrosion performance of Cr–C amorphous coatings on steel substrate by modifying the steel surface preparation. Surf Coat Technol 205:2174–2183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.08.123
Huang CA, Lieu UW, Chuang CH (2009) Role of nickel undercoat and reduction-flame heating on the mechanical properties of Cr–C deposit electroplated from a trivalent chromium based bath. Surf Coat Technol 203:2921–2926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.03.010
Kartici R (2015) Statıstıcal approach to optımızıng a Zn–Ni bath contaınıng ED and tea. Surf Rev Lett 22:1550015. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X15500158
Katırcı R (2016) A chrome coating from a trivalent chromium bath containing extremely low concentration of Cr < SUP align = ”right” > 3+</SUP > ions. Int J Surf Sci Eng 10:73. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSURFSE.2016.075318
Katırcı R, Sezer E, Ustamehmetoğlu B (2015) Statistical optimisation of organic additives for maximum brightness and brightener analysis in a nickel electroplating bath. Trans IMF 93:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1179/0020296714Z.000000000219
Lazic ZR (2004) Design of experiments in chemical engineering a practical guide. Wiley, New York
Lee J-Y, Kim M, Kwon S-C (2009) Effect of polyethylene glycol on electrochemically deposited trivalent chromium layers. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 19:819–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(08)60357-X
Lu CE, Pu NW, Hou KH et al (2013) The effect of formic acid concentration on the conductivity and corrosion resistance of chromium carbide coatings electroplated with trivalent chromium. Appl Surf Sci 282:544–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.06.008
Mandich NV, Snyder L (2000) Modern electroplating. Pennington, Mercer
Nam K-S, Lee K-H, Kwon S-C et al (2004) Improved wear and corrosion resistance of chromium(III) plating by oxynitrocarburising and steam oxidation. Mater Lett 58:3540–3544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.06.038
Pamphile N, Xuejiao L, Guangwei Y, Yin W (2019) Synthesis of a novel core–shell-structure activated carbon material and its application in sulfamethoxazole adsorption. J Hazard Mater 368:602–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.093
Surviliene S, Nivinskiene O, Češuniene A, Selskis A (2006) Effect of Cr(III) solution chemistry on electrodeposition of chromium. J Appl Electrochem 36:649–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-005-9105-8
Surviliene S, Jasulaitiene V, Nivinskiene O, Češuniene A (2007) Effect of hydrazine and hydroxylaminophosphate on chrome plating from trivalent electrolytes. Appl Surf Sci 253:6738–6743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.01.122
Van Phuong N, Kwon SC, Lee JY et al (2012) The effects of pH and polyethylene glycol on the Cr(III) solution chemistry and electrodeposition of chromium. Surf Coat Technol 206:4349–4355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.04.025
Zeng Z, Wang L, Liang A, Zhang J (2006) Tribological and electrochemical behavior of thick Cr–C alloy coatings electrodeposited in trivalent chromium bath as an alternative to conventional Cr coatings. Electrochim Acta 52:1366–1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.07.038
Zeng Z, Sun Y, Zhang J (2009) The electrochemical reduction mechanism of trivalent chromium in the presence of formic acid. Electrochem Commun 11:331–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.11.055
Zhang X, van den Bos C, Sloof WG et al (2005) Comparison of the morphology and corrosion performance of Cr(VI)- and Cr(III)-based conversion coatings on zinc. Surf Coat Technol 199:92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.12.002
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) [Grant Number: 217M240].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Fatih ŞEN.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katirci, R., Altınsarı, A. The conversion of the waste Cr(VI) electroplating bath to Cr(III) electroplating bath. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 4205–4216 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02765-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02765-2