Abstract
This work provides a new insight into the interaction of urea with formate during the chromium electrodeposition from a sulphate-based Cr(III) solution. The influence of solution chemistry on chromium electrodeposition in a Cr(III) bath containing sodium formate and urea as complexing agents was studied by FT-IR, XPS and AFM. The results show that good quality Cr coatings may be obtained only in those cases when the secondary ligand with the carbamidic group predominates over urea in the electrolyte. This suggests that electrodeposition of good quality chromium deposit is possible due to the formation of active chromium–carbamid complexes [Cr(carbamid)n(H2O)6-n ]3+. These complexes delay the formation of the stable oligomeric species, and thus provide a prolonged working lifetime in the Cr(III) formate-urea electrolyte.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ibrahim S.K., Gawne D.T., Watson A., (1998) Trans. IMF 76(4): 156
Ibrahim S.K., Watson A., Gawne D. (1997) Trans. IMF, 75(5): 181
J.-Y. Hwang, Plat. And Surf. Fin. 78 (1991) 118 May
El-Sharif M., Ma S., Chisholm C.U., (1995) Trans. IMF 73(1): 19
El-Sharif M., Ma S., Chisholm C.U., (1999) Trans. IMF 77(4): 139
Song Y.B., Chin D.-T., (2002) Electrochim. Acta 48: 349
Vykhodtseva L.N., Edigaryan A.A., Lubnin E.N., Polukarov Yu.M., Safonov V.A., (2004) Russian J. Electrochem. 40: 387
Mandich N.V., (1997) Plating & Surf. Finishing 84(5): 108
Wagner CD, Riggs WM, Davis LE, Moulder JF, Muilenberg GE (1978) Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Perkin-Elmer, Minneapolis MN, pp.190
LM Yudi, AN Barruzzi and UM Solis, (1988) J. Appl. Electrochem. 18: 417
Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1986)
Peeling J., Hruska F.E., McKinnon D.M., Chauhan M.S., McIntyre N.S., (1978) Can. J. Chem. 56: 2405
Peeling J., Hruska F.E., McIntyre N.S. (1978) Can. J. Chem. 56: 1555
Clark D.T., Dilks A., (1976) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Educ. 14: 533
Brewis D.M., Briggs D., (1981) Polymer 22: 7
Vykhotseva L.N., Edigaryan A.A., Lubnin E.N., Polukarov Yu.M., Safonov VA, (2004) Russian J. Electrochem. 40: 435
Acknowledgement
The authors thank Dr V. Jasulaitiene for assisting in the experimental work using the XPS method.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Survilienė, S., Nivinskienė, O., Češunienė, A. et al. Effect of Cr(III) solution chemistry on electrodeposition of chromium. J Appl Electrochem 36, 649–654 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-005-9105-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-005-9105-8