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Microbial anaerobic digestion: process dynamics and implications from the renewable energy, environmental and agronomy perspectives

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Abstract

Microorganisms have been allied with serious deleterious environmental, human and public health hazards. Microbial interactions are vital in the biotransformation of wastes to valuable end products via the waste-to-energy technology. Microbial anaerobic degradation has been considered as a powerful tool to address the shortcomings faced by conventional energy sources (e.g. the conventional energy sources are non-renewable, can deplete over time and are very costly). It is the anaerobic breakdown of organic wastes within the precincts of an airtight biodigester, by the concerted activities of four metabolically linked microorganisms participating at specific phases of the process to ultimately yield methane and carbon dioxide. Microorganisms are present in these wastes from animal origin, feeds or during collection of the wastes for disposal. The threefold benefit of the process includes: firstly, sanitization of the organic wastes whereby the pathogens of environmental and public health significance can be reduced to threshold levels recommended for safe handling by humans. Also, it addresses the pollution problem caused by greenhouse gas emission. Secondly, the recovered digestate contains macro- and micronutrients that are valuable for plant growth. Soil amendment with digestate influences the microbial activity, the microbial biomass structure and the size which in turn improve on soil fertility and quality thus, improve on food security. Clearly, this minimizes the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers with adverse effects. Thirdly, anaerobic digestion of biomass generates biogas, a renewable energy from waste degradation which can be used for cooking, heating and or harnessed to produce electricity.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to National Research Foundations/Department of Science and Technology (Grant No. 98031), South Africa, for their financial support. Special thanks also to the Institute of Technology and Govan Mbeki Research and Development Centre (C702 and C114), University of Fort Hare for financial support. We equally appreciate the financial help offered to us by the South Africa Medical Research Council via the available equipment placed to my disposal.

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  1. Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa

    C. E. Manyi-Loh, S. N. Mamphweli & E. L. Meyer

  2. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa

    C. E. Manyi-Loh & A. I. Okoh

  3. SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa

    C. E. Manyi-Loh & A. I. Okoh

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  1. C. E. Manyi-Loh
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Manyi-Loh, C.E., Mamphweli, S.N., Meyer, E.L. et al. Microbial anaerobic digestion: process dynamics and implications from the renewable energy, environmental and agronomy perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 3913–3934 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02380-w

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