Abstract
Solitary bees and wasps that nest in cavities in tree trunks are important components of terrestrial ecosystems, providing pollination services, and in the case of wasps, the regulation of their prey populations. However, little is known about the vertical strata where bees and wasps build their nests. This is especially the case of urban forest remnants in the Amazon, which is relevant in the context of the global crisis in insect losses. We investigated the existence of vertical stratification in the nesting of solitary bees and wasps in an urban forest in Rio Branco, state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. We focused on whether wood temperature, ants, and termites are predictors of bee and wasp nesting. We sampled bee and wasp nests in the forest using trap-nests made with wooden blocks containing cavities with three different diameters for twelve months. Trap-nests were installed randomly at three heights in the forest. We collected 145 nests of 25 species, belonging to 11 genera and 6 families. A higher number of nests and species were collected in the upper stratum of the forest, strengthening the hypothesis that there is vertical stratification in the assemblage of solitary bees and wasps. Wood surface temperature and termite attacks on trap-nests were significantly different between strata, which may explain the vertical stratification of bee and wasp assemblages. Considering the importance of these insects for tropical forest ecosystems, the conservation of structurally complex and stratified forests is of paramount importance to maintain the diversity of this insect group.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
To the Master’s course in Ecology and Management of Natural Resources at the Federal University of Acre (UFAC) for the opportunity and effort. This article had the English writing reviewed by a professional translator, which her service was paid with financial resources from CAPES – Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Ordinance 15—2022). We are deeply indebted to F. Schmidt and S. Perz, and the anonymous referees for the reviewing of a previous version of the manuscript and to Dr. Felipe Martello Ribeiro for help in correcting the figure of the study area.
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EFM and HKLGO devised the study; HKLGO and EFM carried out the field work; PNM, JCGO and EFM analyzed the data; EFM, HKLGO, PNM and JCGO interpreted the results; HKLGO, EFM and PNM wrote the manuscript. All authors read, contributed to, discussed, and approved the manuscript.
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Oliveira, H.K.L.G., Miranda, P.N., Ortega, J.C.G. et al. Vertical Stratification of Solitary Bees and Wasps in an Urban Forest from the Brazilian Amazon. Neotrop Entomol 53, 552–567 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-024-01142-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-024-01142-9