Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of melamine cyanurate and boehmite on flame retardancy of PA6

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Iranian Polymer Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, melamine cyanurate (MCA) and boehmite (BM) were used to improve the flame retardancy of polyamide 6 (PA6), and a series of BM/MCA/PA6 composites were prepared. The effects of MCA and BM on flame retardancy, combustion and thermal degradation behavior of 15-MCA/PA6 and BM/MCA/PA6 composites were investigated by methods of limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, vertical burning test, cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that MCA can effectively flame retardant PA6. When 15 wt% MCA was added to PA6, composite sample (15-MCA/PA6) possessed LOI value of 30.4% and V0 rating (3.2 mm) in UL-94 test. By replacing part of MCA with BM, with an increase of BM amount, the flame retardancy of BM/MCA/PA6 composite was better at first, but then got worse, and mechanical properties were increased. The flame retardancy, thermal stability and combustion behavior data of 4-BM/11-MCA/PA6 composite were better than 15-MCA/PA6 composite, indicated that appropriate amounts of MCA and BM in PA6 had synergistic flame-retardant effects. The time to ignition (TTI), the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat rate (THR), total smoke release /total mass loss (TSR/TML) and fire performance index (FPI) of 4-BM/11-MCA/PA6 composite were 53 s, 322.5 KW.m−2, 79.8 MJ.m−2, 98.3 g−1 and 0.16 s.m2.kw−1, respectively. The LOI value of 4-BM/11-MCA/PA6 composite was 33.8% with V0 rating (2.0 mm) in UL-94 test.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bikshamaiah N, Babu NM, Kumar DS, Ramesh S, Madhuri D, Sainth AVS, Madhukuri K (2021) Carbon nanotube functional group-dependent compatibilization of polyamide 6 and poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites. Iran Polym J 30:789–799

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nakhaei MR, Naderi G, Ghoreishy MHR (2021) Fracture mechanisms and failure analysis of PA6/NBR/graphene nanocomposites by essential work of fracture. Iran Polym J 30:975–987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mohammadnezhad G, Dinari M, Nabiyan A (2016) High surface area nano-boehmite as effective nano-filler for preparation of boehmite-polyamide-6 nanocomposites. Adv Polym Technol 37:1221–1228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Li M-X, Lee D, Choi S (2020) Evaluation of the nanoparticle dispersion and the thermal behaviors of polyamide-6/silica composites. J Korean Phys Soc 77:530–536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tao W, Li J (2018) Melamine cyanurate tailored by base and its multi effects on flame retardancy of polyamide 6. Appl Surf Sci 456:751–762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bourbigot S, Devaux E, Flambard X (2002) Flammability of polyamide-6 /clay hybrid nanocomposite textiles. Polym Degrad Stabil 75:397–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Xiao X, Zhai JG, Chen T, Mai YY, Hu S, Ye W, Xu XL, Li P, Lin Z, Yin L (2017) Flame retardant properties of polyamide 6 with piperazine pyrophosphate. Plast Rubber Compos 46:193–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Qin SH, Hu SJ, Yu J, Luo Z, Guo JB, Yan W (2011) Preparation and combustion behavior of polyamide 6/polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. J Macromol Sci B 50:2243–2254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kiliaris P, Papaspyrides CD, Pfaendner R (2011) Polyamide 6 composites with melamine polyphosphate and layered silicates: evaluation of flame retardancy and physical properties. Macromol Mater Eng 296:617–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Savas LA, Dogan M (2019) Flame retardant effect of zinc borate in polyamide 6 containing aluminum hypophosphite. Polym Degrad Stabil 165:101–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yin HJ, Sypaseuth FD, Schubert M, Schoch R, Bastian M, Schartel B (2019) Routes to halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene wood plastic composites. Polym Advan Technol 30:187–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mauerer O (2005) New reactive, halogen-free flame retardant system for epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stabil 88:70–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Li Y-L, Kuan C-F, Hsu S-W, Chen C-H, Kuan H-C, Lee F-M, Yip M-C, Chiang C-L (2012) Preparation, thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of halogen-free polypropylene composites. High Perform Polym 24:478–487

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhao C-S, Huang F-L, Xiong W-C, Wang Y-Z (2008) A novel halogen-free flame retardant for glass-fiber-reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad Stabil 93:1188–1193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang J, Lewin M, Pearce E, Zammarano M, Gilman JW (2008) Flame retarding polyamide 6 with melamine cyanurate and layered silicates. Polym Advan Technol 19:928–936

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu Y, Wang Q (2006) Melamine cyanurate-microencapsulated red phosphorus flame retardant unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66. Polym Degrad Stabil 91:3103–3109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Huang H, Zhang K, Jiang J, Li J, Liu Y (2017) Highly dispersed melamine cyanurate flame-retardant epoxy resin composites. Polym Int 66:85–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chen WH, Liu PJ, Cheng YB, Liu Y, Wang Q, Duan WF (2019) Flame retardancy mechanisms of melamine cyanurate in combination with aluminum diethylphosphinate in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 136:47223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhao PP, Guo CG, Li LP (2019) Flame retardancy and thermal degradation properties of polypropylene/wood flour composite modified with aluminum hypophosphite/melamine cyanurate. J Therm Anal Calorim 135:3085–3093

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Yang W, Lu HD, Tai QL, Qiao ZH, Hu Y, Song L, Yuen RKK (2011) Flame retardancy mechanisms of poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) containing microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and melamine cyanurate. Polym Advan Technol 22:2136–2144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaynak C, Sipahioglu BM (2013) Effects of nanoclays on the flammability of polystyrene with triphenyl phosphate-based flame retardants. J Fire Sci 31:339–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhou C, Wang J, Li JX, Shi J (2021) Thermal aging properties of flame retardant silicone rubber based on melamine cyanurate. J Appl Polym Sci 138:49919

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Braun U, Schartel B (2008) Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine cyanurate in glass-fibre-reinforced poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate). Macromol Mater Eng 293:206–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu Y, Wang Q, Fei GX, Chen YH (2006) Preparation of polyamide resin-encapsulated melamine cyanurate/melamine phosphate composite flame retardants and the fire-resistance to glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1773–1779

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Özdilek C, Kazimierczak K, van der Beek D, Picken SJ (2004) Preparation and properties of polyamide-6-boehmite nanocomposites. Polymer 45:5207–5214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Laachachi A, Ferriol M, Cochez M, Lopez Cuesta J-M, Ruch D (2009) A comparison of the role of boehmite (AlOOH) and alumina (Al2O3) in the thermal stability and flammability of poly(methyl methacrylate). Polym Degrad Stabil 94:1373–1378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gatos KG, Martínez Alcázar JG, Psarras GC, Thomann R, Karger-Kocsis J (2007) Polyurethane latex/water dispersible boehmite alumina nanocomposites: thermal, mechanical and dielectrical properties. Compos Sci Technol 67:157–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Özdilek C, Kazimierczak K, Picken SJ (2005) Preparation and characterization of titanate-modified Boehmite–polyamide-6 nanocomposites. Polymer 46:6025–6034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Yen MS, Kuo M-C, Wu J-H, Yeh C-W, Lai W-Y (2013) Functional processing of PET fabrics using boehmite/silica/thiazole dye hybrid materials. Fiber Polym 14:1432–1439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Camino G, Maffezzoli A, Braglia M, De Lazzario M, Zammarano M (2001) Effect of hydroxides and hydroxycarbonate structure on fire retardant effectiveness and mechanical properties in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Polym Degrad Stabil 74:457–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Pawlowski KH, Schartel B (2008) Flame retardancy mechanisms of aryl phosphates in combination with boehmite in bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene blends. Polym Degrad Stabil 93:657–667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Li M, Sun H-Y, Liu X-L, Xu H-Y, Ren Y, Cui D-L, Tao X (2006) Preparation of porous boehmite nanosolid and its composite fluorescent materials by a novel hydrothermal hot-press method. Mater Lett 60:2738–2742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge the Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College and Jinan University, which provide the test platform for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College, Zhuzhou, 412000, China

    Xiang Li

  2. Yunlong Demonstration Zone, Vocational Education University Town, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China

    Xiang Li

Authors
  1. Xiang Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiang Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X. Influence of melamine cyanurate and boehmite on flame retardancy of PA6. Iran Polym J 31, 975–981 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-022-01049-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-022-01049-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation