Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Polymorphous Light Eruption: a Review

  • Photodermatology (B Adler and V DeLeo, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Dermatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To update readers on the current understandings of polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) in regard to epidemiology, clinical findings, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis.

Recent Findings

PMLE is known to be the most common photodermatosis seen in individuals with light skin types; however, recent evidence shows that it is also commonly observed in individuals with skin of color. Resistance to UV-induced immunosuppression is now known to be an essential part of pathogenesis; this could be secondary to unique cytokine or antimicrobial peptide expressions in these patients. Photohardening, done at the onset of sunny season for patients living in temperate climate, is a commonly used and effective management.

Summary

PMLE is the most common photodermatosis. Lesions occur within hours after sun exposure, varying from urticarial papules, pinhead papules, to vesicles; they resolve in days to weeks without scarring. Resistance to UV-induced immunosuppression is thought to be an important contributor to the pathophysiology. Management includes photoprotection and photohardening. A 7–10-day course of oral corticosteroids is an appropriate prophylaxis for patients who plan to go to sunny locale for vacation. Though PMLE is chronic, many patients show improvement over years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •• Of major importance

  1. Gruber-Wackernagel A, Byrne SN, Wolf P. Polymorphous light eruption. Dermatol Clin. 2014;32(3):315–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hönigsmann H. Polymorphous light eruption. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2008;24(3):155–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gruber-Wackernagel A, Byrne SN, Wolf P. Pathogenic mechanisms of polymorphic light eruption. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2009;1:341–54.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kerr HA, Lim HW. Photodermatoses in African Americans: a retrospective analysis of 135 patients over a 7-year period. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;57(4):638–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wolf P, Byrne SN, Gruber-Wackernagel A. New insights into the mechanisms of polymorphic light eruption: resistance to ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression as an aetiological factor. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18(4):350–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Berg M. Epidemiological studies of the influence of sunlight on the skin. Photodermatol. 1989;6(2):80–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Morison WL, Stern RS. Polymorphous light eruption: a common reaction uncommonly recognized. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62(3):237–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Stratigos AJ, Antoniou C, Katsambas AD. Polymorphous light eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(3):193–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wadhwani AR, Sharma VK, Ramam M, Khaitan BK. A clinical study of the spectrum of photodermatoses in dark-skinned populations. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013;38(8):823–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Nakamura M, Henderson M, Jacobsen G, Lim HW. Comparison of photodermatoses in African-Americans and Caucasians: a follow-up study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2014;30(5):231–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lew R, Jacob J. Polymorphous light eruption: a common skin disease uncommonly recognized in the Hispanic population. Oxford Med Case Rep. 2014;2014(8):145–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Rhodes LE, Bock M, Soe Janssens A, Ling TC, Anastasopoulou L, Antoniou C, et al. Polymorphic light eruption occurs in 18% of Europeans and does not show higher prevalence with increasing latitude: multicenter survey of 6,895 individuals residing from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia. J Investig Dermatol. 2010 Feb;130(2):626–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Millard TP, Lewis CM, Khamashta MA, Hughes GRV, Hawk JLM, Mcgregor JM. Familial clustering of polymorphic light eruption in relatives of patients with lupus erythematosus: evidence of a shared pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(2):334–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Millard TP, Bataille V, Snieder H, Spector TD, McGregor JM. The heritability of polymorphic light eruption. J Investig Dermatol. 2000;115(3):467–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. McGregor JM, Grabczynska S, Hawk JLM, Vaughan R, Lewis CM. Genetic modeling of abnormal photosensitivity in families with polymorphic light eruption and actinic prurigo. J Investig Dermatol. 2000;115(3):471–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Epstein JH. Polymorphous light eruption. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1997;13(3):89–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Jansen CT. Heredity of chronic polymorphous light eruptions. Arch Dermatol. 1978;114(2):188–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Jansén CT, Karvonen J. Polymorphous light eruption: a seven-year follow-up evaluation of 114 patients. Arch Dermatol. 1984;120(7):862–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Richards HL, Ling TC, Evangelou G, Brooke RCC, Huber K, Gibbs NK, et al. Psychologic distress in polymorphous light eruption and its relationship to patients’ beliefs about their condition. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(3):426–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rivers JK, Norris PG, Murphy GM, Chu AC, Midgley G, Morris J, et al. UVA sunbeds: tanning, photoprotection, acute adverse effects and immunological changes. Br J Dermatol. 1989;120(6):767–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Palmer RA, Pas CBVD, Young AR, Walker SL, Milligan PJ, Hawk JLM. Validation of the ‘polymorphic light eruption severity index’. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155(2):482–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Palmer RA, Pas CBVD, Campalani E, Walker SL, Young AR, Hawk JLM. A simple method to assess severity of polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(3):645–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. •• Sharma VK, Sahni K. Photodermatoses in the pigmented skin. In: Ahmad SI, editor. Ultraviolet light in human health, diseases and environment [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017 [cited 2019 Jan 7]. p. 111–22. (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_10. The difference in melanin composition between light- and dark-skinned patients is responsible for the difference in incidence and presentation of various photodermatoses across various skin types.

  24. Isedeh P, Lim HW. Polymorphous light eruption presenting as pinhead papular eruption on the face. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(11):1285–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen Y-A, JY-Y L. Clinicopathologic study of solar dermatitis, a pinpoint papular variant of polymorphous light eruption in Taiwan, and review of the literature. J Formos Med Assoc. 2013;112(3):125–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Molina-Ruiz AM, Sanmartín O, Santonja C, Kutzner H, Requena L. Spring and summer eruption of the elbows: a peculiar localized variant of polymorphous light eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;68(2):306–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nabatian AS, Rosman IS, Sturza J, Jacobson M. Juvenile spring eruption: a variant of perniosis? Am J Dermatopathol. 2015;37(9):721–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lava SAG, Simonetti GD, Ragazzi M, Gubler SG, Bianchetti MG. Juvenile spring eruption: an outbreak report and systematic review of the literature. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(5):1066–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Guarrera M. Polymorphous light eruption. In: Ahmad SI, editor. Ultraviolet light in human health, diseases and environment [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017 [cited 2018 Dec 30]. p. 61–70. (Advances in experimental medicine and biology). Available from. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_6.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. •• Harkins CP, Waters AJ, Dawe RS, Ferguson J, Ibbotson SH. Polymorphic light eruption with severe abnormal phototesting sensitivity (PLESAPS). Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2017;33(6):326–8 Describes unique characteristics of a subset of PMLE patients with severe abnormal phototesting sensitivity.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dover JS, Hawk JLM. Polymorphic light eruption sine eruptione. Br J Dermatol. 1988;118(1):73–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Guarrera M, Cardo P, Rebora AE, Schena D, Calzavara-Pinton P, Venturini M, et al. Polymorphous light eruption and benign summer light eruption in Italy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2011;27(1):35–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hasan T, Ranki A, Jansen CT, Karvonen J. Disease associations in polymorphous light eruption: a long-term follow-up study of 94 patients. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Sep 1;134(9):1081–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wood BA, LeBoit PE. An ‘inflammatory’ variant of solar purpura: a simulant of leukocytoclastic vasculitis and neutrophilic dermatoses. Pathology. 2013;45(5):484–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kalivas J, Kalivas L. Solar purpura appearing in a patient with polymorphous light eruption. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1995;11(1):31–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Koulu LM, Laihia JK, Peltoniemi H-H, Jansén CT. UV-induced tolerance to a contact allergen is impaired in polymorphic light eruption. J Investig Dermatol. 2010;130(11):2578–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Palmer RA, Friedmann PS. Ultraviolet radiation causes less immunosuppression in patients with polymorphic light eruption than in controls. J Investig Dermatol. 2004;122(2):291–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Van de Pas CB, Kelly DA, Young AR, Hawk JLM, Walker SL, Seed PT. Ultraviolet-radiation-induced erythema and suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses in patients with polymorphic light eruption. J Investig Dermatol. 2004;122(2):295–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kölgen W, van MM, Jongsma M, van WH, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CAFM, Knol EF, et al. Differential expression of cytokines in UV-B–exposed skin of patients with polymorphous light eruption: correlation with Langerhans cell migration and immunosuppression. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(3):295–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kölgen W, Van Weelden H, Den Hengst S, Guikers KLH, Kiekens RCM, Knol EF, et al. CD11b+ cells and ultraviolet-B-resistant CD1a+ cells in skin of patients with polymorphous light eruption. J Investig Dermatol. 1999;113(1):4–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mattii M, Ayala F, Balato N, Filotico R, Lembo S, Schiattarella M, et al. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial in human allergic contact dermatitis pathogenesis: the role of IL-1 family members. Exp Dermatol. 2013;22(12):813–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. •• Lembo S, Caiazzo G, Balato N, Monfrecola G, Patra V, Wolf P, et al. Polymorphic light eruption and IL-1 family members: any difference with allergic contact dermatitis? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2017;16(9):1471–9 Recent study describing the differences in cytokine profile between PMLE and allergic contact dermatitis, in particular with regard to IL-36γ mRNA regulation.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Savill J, Fadok V. Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death. Nature. 2000;407:784–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. •• Lembo S, Hawk JLM, Murphy GM, Kaneko K, Young AR, McGregor JM, et al. Aberrant gene expression with deficient apoptotic keratinocyte clearance may predispose to polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(5):1450–3 Recent study detailing a novel hypothesis for the pathogenesis of PMLE: a genetic deficiency in PMLE apoptotic keratinocyte clearance leads to a partial failure of normal UVR-induced immunosuppression.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. •• Patra V, Mayer G, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Horn M, Lembo S, Wolf P. Unique profile of antimicrobial peptide expression in polymorphic light eruption lesions compared to healthy skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2018;34(2):137–44 Recent study comparing the antimicrobial peptide profile of PMLE to healthy skin, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis and discussing how this may contribute to the pathogenesis of PMLE.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Nakatsuji T, Peptides GRLA. Old molecules with new ideas. J Investig Dermatol. 2012;132(3, Part 2):887–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hölzle E, Plewig G, von Kries R, Lehmann P. Polymorphous light eruption. J Investig Dermatol. 1987;88(3):32–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lembo S, Fallon J, O’Kelly P, Murphy GM. Polymorphic light eruption and skin cancer prevalence: is one protective against the other? Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(6):1342–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hood AF, Elpern DJ, Morison WL. Histopathologic findings in papulovesicular light eruption. J Cutan Pathol. 1986;13(1):13–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mastalier U, Kerl H, Wolf P. Clinical, laboratory, phototest and phototherapy findings in polymorphic light eruptions: a retrospective study of 133 patients. Eur J Dermatol. 1999;8(8):554–9.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ortel B, Tanew A, Wolff K, Hönigsmann H. Polymorphous light eruption: action spectrum and photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(5):748–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. van de PCB, Hawk JL, Young AR, Walker SL. An optimal method for experimental provocation of polymorphic light eruption. Arch Dermatol. 2004;140(3):286–92.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hölzle E, Plewig G, Hofmann C, Roser-Maass E. Polymorphous light eruption: experimental reproduction of skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;7(1):111–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lindmaier A, Neumann R. The patient with polymorphous light dermatosis. Skin type, hardening and other light-associated markers. Hautarzt. 1991;42(7):430–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Diffey BL, Farr PM. An evaluation of sunscreens in patients with broad action-spectrum photosensitivity. Br J Dermatol. 1985;112(1):83–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Tzaneva S, Volc-Platzer B, Kittler H, Hönigsmann H, Tanew A. Antinuclear antibodies in patients with polymorphic light eruption: a long-term follow-up study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(5):1050–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Fesq H, Ring J, Abeck D. Management of polymorphous light eruption. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(6):399–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wolf P, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Rinner B, Griesbacher A, Eberhard K, Groselj-Strele A, et al. Phototherapeutic hardening modulates systemic cytokine levels in patients with polymorphic light eruption. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2013;12(1):166–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Man I, Dawe RS, Ferguson J. Artificial hardening for polymorphic light eruption: practical points from ten years’ experience. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 1999;15(3–4):96–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bilsland D, George SA, Gibbs NK, Aitchison T, Johnson BE, Ferguson J. A comparison of narrow band phototherapy (TL-01) and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the management of polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129(6):708–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Attili SK, Dawe RS, Ibbotson SH. Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy: one center’s experience. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2017;83(1):60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. •• Aslam A, Fullerton L, Ibbotson SH. Phototherapy and photochemotherapy for polymorphic light eruption desensitization: a five-year case series review from a university teaching hospital. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2017;33(4):225–7 Large study population demonstrating efficacy and safety of phototherapeutic desensitization for PMLE.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. •• Combalia A, Fernández-Sartorio C, Fustà X, Morgado-Carrasco D, Podlipnik S, Aguilera P. Successful short desensitization treatment protocol with narrowband UVB phototherapy (TL-01) in polymorphic light eruption. Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr (English Edition). 2017;108(8):752–7 Recent study describing a shorter, yet successful protocol for desensitization with UVB phototherapy in PMLE patients.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Millard TP, Hawk JLM, Travis LB, McGregor JM. Treatment of polymorphic light eruption. J Dermatol Treat. 2000;11(3):195–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Molin L, Volden G. Treatment of polymorphous light eruption with PUVA and prednisolone. Photo-dermatology. 1987;4(2):107–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Patel DC, Bellaney GJ, Seed PT, Mcgregor JM, Hawk JLM. Efficacy of short-course oral prednisolone in polymorphic light eruption: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(4):828–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Creamer D, Patel D, Bellamy G, Seed P, Hawk JL m. Assessment of the efficacy of a short course of oral prednisolone in the treatment of polymorphic light eruption. British Journal of Dermatology, Supplement [Internet]. 1999 Jul 1 [cited 2019 Jan 20];141. Available from:http://insights.ovid.com/british-dermatology-supplement/bjdrs/1999/07/001/assessment-efficacy-short-course-oral-prednisolone/145/00013067. Accessed 12 Feb 2019.

  68. Norris PG, Hawk JLM. Successful treatment of severe polymorphous light eruption with azathioprine. Arch Dermatol. 1989;125(10):1377–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Shipley DRV, Hewitt JB. Polymorphic light eruption treated with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(2):446–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lasa O, Trebol I, Gardeazabal J, Diaz-Perez JL. Prophylactic short-term use of cyclosporin in refractory polymorphic light eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2004;18(6):747–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. •• Minder EI, Barman-Aksoezen J, Schneider-Yin X. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of afamelanotide and its clinical use in treating dermatologic disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(8):815–23 Discusses the mechanism of action, safety profile, and potential benefits of afamelanotide for treating PMLE and other photosensitivity disorders.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Abu Ubeid A, Hantash M, Minireview B. Peptide analogs and short sequence oligopeptides as modulators of skin pigmentation. Curr Top Med Chem. 2014;14(12):1418–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fabrikant J, Touloei K, Brown SM. A review and update on melanocyte stimulating hormone therapy: afamelanotide. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(7):775–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gombau L, García F, Lahoz A, Fabre M, Roda-Navarro P, Majano P, et al. Polypodium leucotomos extract: antioxidant activity and disposition. Toxicol in Vitro. 2006;20(4):464–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Nestor M, Bucay V, Callender V, Cohen JL, Sadick N, Waldorf H. Polypodium leucotomos as an adjunct treatment of pigmentary disorders. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2014;7(3):13–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. •• Berman B, Ellis C, Elmets C. Polypodium leucotomos--an overview of basic investigative findings. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(2):224–8 Overview of several studies outlining the mechanism of action and potential efficacy of Polypodium leucotomos in photosensitivity disorders, including PMLE.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Winkelmann RR, Del JR, Rigel DS. Polypodium leucotomos extract: a status report on clinical efficacy and safety. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015 Mar;14(3):254–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Garcia F, Pivel JP, Guerrero A, Brieva A, Martinez-Alcazar MP, Caamano-Somoza M, et al. Phenolic components and antioxidant activity of Fernblock, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts of the fern Polypodium leucotomos. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2006;28(3):157–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Caccialanza M, Percivalle S, Piccinno R, Brambilla R. Photoprotective activity of oral Polypodium leucotomos extract in 25 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomedi. 2007;23(1):46–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Caccialanza M, Recalcati S, Piccinno R. Oral Polypodium leucotomos extract photoprotective activity in 57 patients with idiopathic photodermatoses. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2011;146(2):85–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tanew A, Radakovic S, Gonzalez S, Venturini M, Calzavara-Pinton P. Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos for the prevention of polymorphic light eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;66(1):58–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Gruber-Wackernagel A, Bambach I, Legat FJ, Hofer A, Byrne SN, Quehenberger F, et al. Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled intraindividual trial on topical treatment with a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogue in polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(1):152–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ling TC, Richards HL, Janssens AS, Anastassopoulou L, Antoniou C, Aubin F, et al. Seasonal and latitudinal impact of polymorphic light eruption on quality of life. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126(7):1648–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Richards HL, Ling TC, Evangelou G, Brooke RCC, Fortune DG, Rhodes LE. Evidence of high levels of anxiety and depression in polymorphic light eruption and their association with clinical and demographic variables. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(2):439–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Henry W. Lim.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Christina E. Artz and Caitlin Farmer declare no conflict of interest.

Henry Lim received research grants from Estee Lauder, Ferndale, Unigen and Incyte.

Henry Lim has served as a consultant for ISDIN and Pierre Fabre. He participated in an educator session with Pierre Fabre.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Photodermatology

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Artz, C.E., Farmer, C.M. & Lim, H.W. Polymorphous Light Eruption: a Review. Curr Derm Rep 8, 110–116 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-019-0264-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-019-0264-y

Keywords

Navigation