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Potential bioactivity of Algerian olive pomace hydro-ethanolic extract: phytochemical investigation, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity

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Abstract

Objective

Several phytochemical studies have reported that olive pomace is a valuable source of bioactive molecules with various biological properties. In this context, our study aimed to investigate the phytochemistry and acute toxicity of the hydro-ethanolic extract from this by-product.

Methods

The phytochemical study investigates the total phenolic content, tannin and flavonoid levels, antioxidant capacity and acute toxicity of the hydro-ethanolic extract from olive pomace.

Results

The extract showed a yield of 8.66% and a high concentration of phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids, with antioxidant potential values of 90.139 ± 15.545 mg GAE/g DW, 7.307 ± 0.96 mg CE/g DW and 73.968 ± 1.081 mg QE/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was determined by the DPPH test, which showed an EC50 value of 1.705 ± 0.023 mg GAE/mL, a FRAP value of 2.708 ± 0.226 mg/mL, and a TAC value of 45.41 ± 4.808 mg GAE/g DW. In the acute toxicity test, hydro-ethanolic extract was administered at different doses to male and female groups. Notably, no significant toxicities or deaths were observed during treatment. This shows that the oral LD50 of the extract exceeds 5000 mg/kg body weight. At low doses, this extract displayed beneficial effects on blood sugar, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and caused more marked weight gain in males compared to females, affecting the relative weight of specific organs and tissues. However, at doses above 500 mg/kg body weight, the extract led to liver and kidney dysfunction, resulting in changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. Fortunately, histological examination of various organs revealed no tissue damage.

Conclusion

Our results showed that the hydro-ethanolic extract of olive pomace constitutes a potential source of pharmacological molecules that are effective in maintaining cellular function and have a wide safety margin for therapeutic use.

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Abbreviations

DW:

Dry weight

OP:

Olive pomace

BW:

Body weight

RBC:

Red blood cells

WBC:

White blood cells

HGB:

Hemoglobin

MCV:

Mean corpuscular volume

MCH:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

HCT:

Hematocrit

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferases

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

TG:

Triglycerides

HDL-C:

High density lipoprotein cholesterol

HEE:

Hydro-ethanolic extract

CBC:

Complete blood count

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid

IOC:

International Olympic Committee

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Acknowledgments

This project did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria

    Fatiha Benmeliani, Baya Guermouche, Nahida Haddam, Nesrine Benousser, Fatima Zahra Tahir, Zouleykha Badi & Hafida Merzouk

  2. Department of Biology, Biological Sciences, Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University, Mostagnem, Algeria

    Hadjer Chenini-Bendiab

  3. Faculty of Medicine, Abou Bekr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria

    Yamna Kherraf

  4. Department of Histology, Embryology and Genetics, CHU Clinic, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria

    Yamna Kherraf

  5. Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria

    Nabila Belyagoubi-Benhammou

Authors
  1. Fatiha Benmeliani
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  2. Baya Guermouche
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  3. Hadjer Chenini-Bendiab
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  4. Nahida Haddam
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  8. Zouleykha Badi
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Correspondence to Nabila Belyagoubi-Benhammou.

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Conflict of interest

Benmeliani Fatiha, Guermouche Baya, Benhamou-Belyagoubi Nabila, Bendiab Hadjer, Tahir Fatima, Benousser Nesrine, Haddam Nahida, Badi Zoulikha, Merzouk Hafida, Kherraf Yamna declared that they have no conflict of interest.

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Ethical approval of all stages of this experiment was obtained in accordance with OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) guidelines 425 (2022).

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Benmeliani, F., Guermouche, B., Chenini-Bendiab, H. et al. Potential bioactivity of Algerian olive pomace hydro-ethanolic extract: phytochemical investigation, antioxidant activity, and acute toxicity. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 16, 49–61 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-023-00197-2

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