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An invasive plant Ageratum houstonianum L. as an adsorbent for the removal of triphenylmethane dye (malachite green): isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies

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Abstract

The present study has focused on the biosorption of a triphenylmethane dye malachite green (MG) onto the leaf biomass of an undesired weed plant Ageratum houstonianum (AHLB). The effects of different contact time, temperature, biomass dose, and initial dye concentration are investigated on the biosorption of the test dye by the given adsorbent. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics of MG removal using AHLB followed the Freundlich’s isotherm model and pseudo-first-order model of kinetics, indicating that the process of chemisorption occurred. The MG adsorption data fitted best to the Langmuir’s model having the highest correlation coefficient value R2 = 0.998. The magnitude of adsorption capacity of Langmuir’s isotherm model (qmax = 161.29 mg/g) was found to be comparable with experimental to the value obtained experimentally (qe = 103.22 mg/g). This maximum adsorption capacity has occurred with 20 mg/100 ml biomass dose, in 20-min contact time, at 45 °C temperature, from 500 ppm initial dye concentration. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated in order to identify the adsorption process. It revealed that, because of the positive values of ∆H‡ (+ 1.75 KJmol−1) and negative values ∆G‡ (–5.16 KJmol−1 to –5.51 KJmol−1) as well as positive value of ∆S‡ (+ 17.34 JK−1 mol−1), the adsorption processes have endothermic, chemical and spontaneous nature. The experimental data found to be in good agreement with pseudo-first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.971). The identification of active sites on AHLB surface was done via FT-IR spectroscopy. Thus, C = S, C = O, C≡C, –NO2, –N = N–, –NCS, C≡N, and N≡N stretches contained in the AHLB were the causable elements for effective adsorption of MG from the aqueous medium. The results revealed that MG can be removed from aqueous solutions using this weed adsorbent growing in abundance on earth. The use of such biosorbents could also be helpful in maintaining the undesired plants and their sequel problems through their exploitation as biosorbent.

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Data availability

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Abbreviations

MG:

Malachite green

AHLB:

Ageratum houstonianum Leaf biomass

ΔGº:

Standard Gibbs free energy

ΔG ‡ :

Change in the Gibbs free energy of activation

ΔHº:

Standard enthalpy

ΔH ‡ :

Activation enthalpy

ΔSº:

Standard entropy

ΔS ‡ :

Activation entropy

FT-IR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

KF :

Freundlich constant

KL :

Langmuir constant

KT :

Equilibrium binding constant

W:

Mass of the AHLB g

1/n:

Sorption intensity

qe :

Adsorption capacity mg/g

qe, cal. :

Calculated value mg/g

T:

Temperature (K)

qmax :

Maximum adsorption capacity in the monolayer mg/g

R:

Universal gas constant 8.314 J K−1 mol−1

V:

Volume of solution (L)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Maharaj Singh College, Saharanpur, UP, India

    Amit Kumar & Sanjay Kumar

  2. Department of Biotechnology, C.C.S. University, Meerut, UP, India

    Ashu Tyagi

  3. Department of Botany, C.C.S. University, Meerut, UP, India

    M. U. Charaya

  4. Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharshi Markandeshvar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India

    Raj Singh

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Amit Kumar and Ashu Tyagi collected the relevant literature and finalized the experiment with Dr. Sanjay Kumar. The initial draft of the paper was completed by Prof. M.U. Charaya. Thereafter, Raj Singh improved the manuscript by adding the current reports and performed multiple proof editing of the manuscript as corresponding author. All the authors jointly approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Kumar, A., Tyagi, A., Kumar, S. et al. An invasive plant Ageratum houstonianum L. as an adsorbent for the removal of triphenylmethane dye (malachite green): isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04850-1

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