Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimization and characterization of eco-friendly formulated ZnO NPs in various parameters: assessment of its antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nowadays, nanosized drugs continue to lead the pharmacological field because of their small molecular size, solubility and penetrability, which are suitable for passive membrane transmission. In the current research, we produced zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Lablab purpureus leaf aqueous extract and assessed their antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial efficacy. In the biosynthesis process, we characterized biosynthesized ZnO NPs by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high resolution-scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses. The HR-TEM images reveal flocculated particles, which were mostly rods with a few hexagonal and sphere-shaped, with a typical particle size of 28±3.00 nm. ZnO NPs showed potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity inhibition, with IC50 values of 103.20±1.03 and 94.14±0.37 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ZnO NPs exhibited excellent free radical scavenging potential on DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and superoxide with IC50 values of 114.95±2.11, 147.37±1.55, 90.94±0.57 and 152.52±0.56 μg/mL, respectively. Bacteria of gram-positive and gram-negative strains were inhibited growth with MIC ranging from 118.75 to 950 μg/mL. ZnO NPs have shown promise in reducing oxidative stress, which is associated with the development of chronic diseases. They also act as a hypoglycemic agent, which helps to maintain healthy glucose levels. Future phytochemical research will be necessary to standardize L. purpureus components with significant antidiabetic action and create a better substitute nano-herbal combination to replace the synthetic drugs.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The corresponding author can provide the datasets and materials used in the current work upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Fakhari S, Jamzad M, Kabiri Fard H (2019) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a comparison. Green Chem Lett Rev 12:19–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Dessai S, Ayyanar M, Amalraj S, Khanal P, Vijayakumar S, Gurav N, Rarokar N, Kalaskar M, Nadaf S, Gurav S (2022) Bioflavonoid mediated synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles: characterization and their biomedical applications. Mater Lett 311:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Saleh TA (2021) Protocols for synthesis of nanomaterials, polymers, and green materials as adsorbents for water treatment technologies. Environ Technol Innov 24:101821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Padmavathy N, Vijayaraghavan R (2008) Enhanced bioactivity of ZnO nanoparticles—an antimicrobial study. Sci Technol Adv Mater

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Hou T, Sankar Sana S, Li H, Wang X, Wang Q, Boya VKN, Vadde R, Kumar R, Kumbhakar DV, Zhang Z, Mamidi N (2022) Development of plant protein derived tri angular shaped nano zinc oxide particles with inherent antibacterial and neurotoxicity properties. Pharmaceutics 14(10):2155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Sana SS, Vadde R, Kumar R, Arla SK, Somala AR, Rao KK, Zhijun Z, Boya VKN, Mondal K, Mamidi N (2023) Eco-friendly and facile production of antibacterial zinc oxide nanoparticles from Grewia flavescens (G. flavescens) leaf extract for biomedical applications. J Drug Deliv Sci 80:104186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Dias C, Ayyanar M, Amalraj S, Khanal P, Subramaniyan V, Das S, Gandhale P, Biswa V, Ali R, Gurav N, Nadaf S (2022) Biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using mushroom fungus Cordyceps militaris: characterization and mechanistic insights of therapeutic investigation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 73:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bijad M, Karimi-Maleh H, Khalilzadeh MA (2013) Application of ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite ionic liquid paste electrode as a sensitive voltammetric sensor for determination of ascorbic acid in food samples. Food Anal Methods 6:1639–1647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Alavi-Tabari SA, Khalilzadeh MA, Karimi-Maleh H (2018) Simultaneous determination of doxorubicin and dasatinib as two breast anticancer drugs uses an amplified sensor with ionic liquid and ZnO nanoparticle. J Electroanal Chem 811:84–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bala N, Saha S, Chakraborty M, Maiti M, Das S, Basu R, Nandy P (2015) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: effect of temperature on synthesis, anti-bacterial activity and anti-diabetic activity. RSC Adv 5:4993–5003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sangeetha G, Rajeshwari S, Venckatesh R (2011) Green biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using brown marine macroalga Sargassum muticum aqueous extract. Mater Res Bull 46:2560–2566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Rasmussen JW, Martinez E, Louka P, Wingett DG (2010) Zinc oxide nanoparticles for selective destruction of tumor cells and potential for drug delivery applications. Expert Opin Drug Delivery 7:1063–1077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yoon SH, Kim DJ (2006) Fabrication and characterization of ZnO films for biological sensor application of FPW device. Applications of ferroelectrics. 15th IEEE international symposium on the July 30 2006–August 3:322–325

    Google Scholar 

  14. Xiong HM (2013) ZnO nanoparticles applied to bioimaging and drug delivery. Adv Mater 25:5329–5335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Nie L, Gao L, Feng P, Zhang J (2006) Three-Dimensional Functionalized Tetrapod like ZNO nanostructures for plasmid DNA delivery. Small 2:621–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Applerot G, Lipovsky A, Dror R, Perkas N (2009) Enhanced antibacterial activity of nanocrystalline ZnO due to increased ROS-mediated cell injury. Adv Funct Mater 19:842–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Sharmaa D, Rajputa J, Kaitha BS, Kaurb M (2010) Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and study of their antibacterial and antifungal properties. Thin Solid Films 519:224–1229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Kamaraj C, Ragavendran C, Kumar RS, Sabarathinam S, Vetrivel C, Vaithiyalingam M, Malafaia G (2023) Synthesize palladium nanoparticles from the macroalgae Sargassum fusiforme: an eco-friendly tool in the fight against Plasmodium falciparum. Environ Technol Innov 857:159–517

    Google Scholar 

  19. Alkaladi A, Abdelazim AM, Afifi M (2014) Antidiabetic activity of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci 15:2015–2023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ragavendran C, Kamaraj C, Jothimani K, Priyadharsan A, Kumar DA, Natarajan D, Malafaia G (2023) Eco-friendly approach for ZnO nanoparticles synthesis and evaluation of its possible antimicrobial, larvicidal and photocatalytic applications. Sustain Mater Technol 36:e00597

    Google Scholar 

  21. Pulit-Prociak J, Chwastowski J, Kucharski A, Banach M (2016) Functionalization of textiles with silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Appl Surf 385:543–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kante K, Reddy CS (2013) Anti diabetic activity of Dolichos lablab (seeds) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.

  23. Bhogireddy N, Naga A, Ramesh B, Pradeep M, Reddy OVS, Gaddaguti V (2013) Anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities with their other ethnomedicinal properties of the plants. J Med Plants Stud 1:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  24. Al-Snafi AE (2017) The pharmacology and medical importance of Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus)-A review. IOSR J Pharm 7:22–30

    Google Scholar 

  25. Balekari U (2013) Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidaemic activities of Dolichos Lablab seed extract on streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. In: International Conference and Exhibition on Pharmacognosy. Phytochemistry and Natural Poroducts, Hyderabad-India, pp 21–23

    Google Scholar 

  26. Behl T, Gupta A, Albratty M, Najmi A, Meraya AM, Alhazmi HA, Anwer MK, Bhatia S, Bungau SG (2022) Alkaloidal phytoconstituents for diabetes management: exploring the unrevealed potential. Molecules 27:5851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. WHO (2022) World Health Organization. Diabetes 2022  Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/diabetes. Accessed 06 Oct 2022

  28. Tripathi KD (2013) Essentials of medical pharmacology. JP Medical Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chaudhury A, Duvoor C, Reddy Dendi VS, Kraleti S, Chada A, Ravilla R, Marco A, Shekhawat NS, Montales MT, Kuriakose K, Sasapu A (2017) Clinical review of antidiabetic drugs: implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Front Endocrinol 8:6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kai F, Laklai H, Weaver VM (2016) Force matters: biomechanical regulation of cell invasion and migration in disease. Trends Cell Biol 26:486–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Verma P, Kamboj V (2010) Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of n’-[3-(alkyl/aryl substituted) - 4-oxo-1, 3 thiazolidin – 2 - yeidene] – 2 - (pyrazin – 2 - yloxy) acetohydrazide. ACTA Pharmaceutica Sciencia 52:4

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mitra AK (2020) Antioxidants: a masterpiece of mother nature to prevent illness. J chem rev 2:243–256

    Google Scholar 

  33. Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M (2013) Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J 21:143–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Hinzen B, Weigand S, Häbich D (2006) Antibacterial natural products in medicinal chemistry-exodus or revival? Angew Chem Int Ed 45:5072–5129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Muruganantham N, Govindharaju R, Anitha P, Anusuya V (2018) Synthesis and Characterization of silver nanoparticles using Lablab purpureus flowers (Purple colour) and its anti-microbial activities. Int J Sci Res Biol Sci 5:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  36. Nithiya P, Chakra CS, Ashok CH (2015) Synthesis of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles by facile polyol method for the assessment of possible agents for seed germination. Mater Today: Proc 2:4483–4488

    Google Scholar 

  37. Chinnasamy G, Chandrasekharan S, Bhatnagar S (2019) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Melia azedarach: enhancement of antibacterial, wound healing, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Int J Nanomedicine 14:9823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Thangaraj P (2016) Pharmacological assays of plant-based natural products. Springer 71:49–55

    Google Scholar 

  39. Amalraj S, Krupa J, Sriramavaratharajan V, Mariyammal V, Murugan R, Ayyanar M (2021) Chemical characterization, antioxidant, antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory properties of Canthium coromandelicum, a valuable source for bioactive compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 192:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Bouaziz A, Mhalla D, Zouari I, Jlaiel L, Tounsi S, Jarraya R, Trigui M (2016) Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Hammada scoparia extracts and its major purified alkaloids. S Afr J Bot 105:89–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Sharma P, Urfan M, Anand R, Sangral M, Hakla HR, Sharma S, Das R, Pal S, Bhagat M (2022) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus lanceolata leaf litter: characterization, antimicrobial and agricultural efficacy in maize. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 28(2):363–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Wijesinghe U, Thiripuranathar G, Menaa F, Iqbal H, Razzaq A, Almukhlifi H (2021) Green synthesis, structural characterization and photocatalytic applications of ZnO nanoconjugates using Heliotropium indicum. Catalysts 11(7):831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Bhattacharya P, Mukherjee D, Deb N, Swarnakar S, Banerjee S (2020) Application of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle coated ceramic ultrafiltration membrane for remediation of pharmaceutical components from synthetic water: Reusability assay of treated water on seed germination. J Environ Chem Eng 8(3):103803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Krishnaraj C, Jagan EG, Ramachandran R, Abirami SM, Mohan N, Kalaichelvan PT (2012) Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. plant growth metabolism. Process Biochem 47:651–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Shabaani M, Rahaiee S, Zare M, Jafari SM (2020) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using loquat seed extract; biological functions and photocatalytic degradation properties. Lwt 134:110133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Gur T, Meydan I, Seckin H, Bekmezci M, Sen F (2022) Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles. Environ Res 204:111897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Iqbal Y, Malik AR, Iqbal T, Aziz MH, Ahmed F, Abolaban FA, Ali SM, Ullah H (2021) Green synthesis of ZnO and Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaves: characterization and their potential antibacterial, antidiabetic, and wound-healing activities. Mater Lett 305:130671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Naveenkumar S, Kamaraj C, Ragavendran C, Vaithiyalingam M, Vimal S, Marimuthu K (2023) Gracilaria corticata Red Seaweed mediate biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles: larvicidal, neurotoxicity, molecular docking analysis and eco-friendly approach. Biomass Conv Bioref 1-23.

  49. Jayappa MD, Ramaiah CK, Kumar MAP, Suresh D, Prabhu A, RDevasya P, Sheikh S (2020) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaf, stem and in vitro grown callus of Mussaenda frondosa L.: characterization and their applications. Appl Nanosci 10:3057–3074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Sharma BK, Mehta BR, Shah EV, Chaudhari VP, Roy DR, Mondal Roy S (2022) Green synthesis of triangular ZnO nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract and its shape dependency for significant antimicrobial activity: joint experimental and theoretical investigation. J Clust Sci 1:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  51. Rajakumar G, Thiruvengadam M, Mydhili G, Gomathi T, Chung IM (2018) Green approach for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 41:21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Jayachandran A, Aswathy TR, Nair AS (2021) Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cayratia pedata leaf extract. Biochem Biophys Rep 26:100995

    Google Scholar 

  53. Sone BT, Makamu E, Mohamed HE, Oputu O, Fester V (2021) Green-synthesized ZnO via Hyphaene thebaica fruit extracts: structure & catalytic effect on the ozonation of Coralene Rubine-S2G azo disperse dye. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 16:100515

    Google Scholar 

  54. Subha G, Kalaiselvi M (2019) Synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Curcuma amada and it’s in vitro anti-diabetic activity. AIJRSTEM 26:149–156

    Google Scholar 

  55. Swat AAA, Saleh TA, Ganiyu SA, Siddiqui MN, Alhooshani KR (2017) Preparation of activated carbon, zinc oxide and nickel oxide composites for potential application in the desulfurization of model diesel fuels. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 128:246–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Muthuvel A, Jothibas M, Manoharan C (2020) Effect of chemically synthesis compared to biosynthesized ZnO-NPs using Solanum nigrum leaf extract and their photocatalytic, antibacterial and in vitro antioxidant activity. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Shwetha UR, Latha MS, Rajith Kumar CR, Kiran MS, Betageri VS (2020) Facile synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using novel Areca catechu leaves extract and their in vitro antidiabetic and anticancer studies. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 30:4876–4883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Elumalai K, Velmurugan S, Ravi S, Kathiravan V, Ashokkumar S (2015) Bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) and its antimicrobial activities. Mater Sci Semicond 34:365–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Jahan ST, Sadat S, Walliser M, Haddadi A (2017) Targeted therapeutic nanoparticles: an immense promise to fight against cancer. J Drug Deliv:1–24

  60. Hare JI, Lammers T, Ashford MB, Puri S, Storm G, Barry ST (2017) Challenges and strategies in anti-cancer nanomedicine development: an industry perspective. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 108:25–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Jurj A, Braicu C, Pop LA, Tomuleasa C, Gherman CD, Berindan-Neagoe I (2017) The new era of nanotechnology, an alternative to change cancer treatment. Drug Des Dev Ther 11:2871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Faisal S, Jan H, Shah SA, Shah S, Khan A, Akbar MT, Rizwan M, Jan F, Wajidullah N, Akhtar A (2021) Green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans: their characterizations and biological and environmental applications. ACS Omega 6:9709–9722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Sharmila G, Thirumarimurugan M, Muthukumaran C (2019) Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Tecoma castanifolia leaf extract: characterization and evaluation of its antioxidant, bactericidal and anticancer activities. Microchem J 145:578–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Vijayakumar N, Bhuvaneshwari VK, Ayyadurai GK, Jayaprakash R, Gopinath K, Nicoletti M, Alarifi S, Govindarajan M (2022) Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Anoectochilus elatus, and their biomedical applications. Saudi J Biol Sci 29:2270–2279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Dhandapani KV, Anbumani D, Gandhi AD, Annamalai P, Muthuvenkatachalam BS, Kavitha P, Ranganathan B (2020) Green route for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Melia azedarach leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 24:101517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Arvanag FM, Bayrami A, Habibi-Yangjeh A, Pouran SR (2019) A comprehensive study on antidiabetic and antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesized using Silybum marianum L seed extract. Mater Sci Eng C 97:397–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, Hasan H, Mohamad D (2015) Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano Lett 7:219–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Elumalai K, Velmurugan S (2015) Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (L.). Appl Surf 345:329–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Jiang W, Mashayekhi H, Xing B (2009) Bacterial toxicity comparison between nano-and microscaled oxide particles. Environ Pollut 157:1619–1625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Siddiqi KS, Rahman A, Husen A (2018) Properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their activity against microbes. Nanoscale Res Lett 13:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Gupta J, Bahadur D (2018) Defect-mediated reactive oxygen species generation in Mg-substituted ZnO nanoparticles: efficient nanomaterials for bacterial inhibition and cancer therapy. ACS omega 3(3):2956–2965

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The Management of C. Abdul Hakeem College (Autonomous), Melvisharam, Ranipet District, affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, as well as the Principal and Head of the Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, are to be thanked for providing the resources necessary to complete this work. The researchers supporting project number (RSPD2023R696) at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, is acknowledged with sincere gratitude by the authors.

Funding

This study is funded by the Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSPD2023R696) at the King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Nanotechnology and Bioactive Natural Products, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College (Autonomous), Melvisharam-632509, Ranipet District (Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore), Tamil Nadu, India

    Venkatesan Karthick, Abdul Abduz Zahir, Karunanithi Anbarasan, Abdul Abdul Rahuman & Purushothaman Tamizharasan

  2. Department of Botany, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli), Poondi, Thanjavur, 613 503, India

    Muniappan Ayyanar, Singamoorthy Amalraj & Peramaiyan Gangapriya

  3. Division of Phytochemistry and Drug Design, Department of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences (Autonomous), Kalamaserry, Kochi, Kerala, 683104, India

    Singamoorthy Amalraj

  4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Shine Kadaikunnan

  5. Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRMIST), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    Chinnaperumal Kamaraj

  6. Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea

    Muthu Thiruvengadam

Authors
  1. Venkatesan Karthick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdul Abduz Zahir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muniappan Ayyanar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Singamoorthy Amalraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Karunanithi Anbarasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Abdul Abdul Rahuman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shine Kadaikunnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Chinnaperumal Kamaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Muthu Thiruvengadam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Peramaiyan Gangapriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Purushothaman Tamizharasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

VK: Nanosynthesis, bioassays and interpretation of results and draft manuscript preparation. AAZ: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and draft manuscript preparation. MA and SA: study conception and interpretation of results and draft manuscript preparation. KA, AAR, PG and PT: data analysis and interpretation of results and draft manuscript preparation. CK, SK and MT: critical evaluation of manuscript and data interpretation. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Abdul Abduz Zahir or Chinnaperumal Kamaraj.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

There are no researches using human subjects in the article. Additionally, it doesn’t use animals directly in its experiments. Thus, no ethics statement is necessary for this experience.

Competing interests

No competing interests are disclosed by the authors

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karthick, V., Zahir, A.A., Ayyanar, M. et al. Optimization and characterization of eco-friendly formulated ZnO NPs in various parameters: assessment of its antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04363-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04363-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation