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Deashed biochar as N-carrier extended the N-release by inhibiting N-losses in calcareous soils

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Abstract

Recently, biochar has been tested as a nutrient carrier for synthesizing slow-release fertilizers. But, such slow-release fertilizer exists which is designed specifically for alkaline calcareous soils. Biochar adsorbs/complex large quantities of nutrient ions due to extensive surface area, porosity, and surface functional groups. In addition, the indigenous properties of biochar can be tailored for specific use. Therefore, in this study, the emphasis was given to formulate a designer slow-release nitrogen fertilizer by modifying biochar by deashing to suit the alkaline calcareous soils since such soils are prone to heavy nitrogen losses. The acacia wood (Acacia Arabica L.) biochar was made and deashed with 0.1 M HCl. Then, raw and deashed biochar was characterized to evaluate the changes in pH, CEC, ash contents, volatile matter, fixed-C, surface area, pore volume, surface morphology, mineral structure, and surface functional groups after deashing. Biochar-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (BSRNF) was synthesized by impregnating the urea onto biochar while starch and polyvinyl alcohol were used as binders. The effect of BSRNF on N release, NH3-volatilization, NO3-leaching, and N2O emission was examined in two different soils compared to conventional urea. It was found that deashing significantly modified the properties of biochar which favored urea sorption onto biochar which was confirmed by SEM images, XRD patterns, and FTIR spectra of raw and deashed biochar. The evaluation of BSRNF in two different alkaline calcareous soils showed that N release was extended up to ≥ 60 days. Consequently, BSRNF, compared to conventional urea, significantly decreased the NH3-volatilization up to 38.09%, NO3-leaching up to 49.66%, and N2O-emission up to 52.39% of applied N. The BSRNF significantly delayed the nitrogen release in soil, resulting in decreased nitrogen losses compared to conventional urea. The mechanism behind this was the sorption of nitrogen onto biochar which was further enhanced by deashing. The deashing also made biochar suitable for alkaline calcareous soils. In addition, the application rate of biochar has also economized.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rashid, Qaiser Hussain, Rifat Hayat, Muhammad Azeem, Arshad Nawaz Chaudhry, Rabia Khalid & Sarvet Jehan

  2. Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Muhammad Rashid, Sarosh Alvi & Obaid ur Rehman

  3. Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Mukhtar Ahmad

  4. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Multan, Pakistan

    Sajid Masood

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Muhammad Rashid conceived the research idea and wrote the manuscript, Qaiser Hussain, Rifat Hayat, and Mukhtar Ahmad supervised the overall research, Muhammad Azeem, Sarosh Alvi, and Arshad Nawaz helped in analytical work, Sajid Masood, and Rabia Khalid conducted the statistical analysis, Sarvet Jehan, and Obaid ur Rehman performed the editing and improved the draft.

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Correspondence to Qaiser Hussain.

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Rashid, M., Hussain, Q., Hayat, R. et al. Deashed biochar as N-carrier extended the N-release by inhibiting N-losses in calcareous soils. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 9549–9564 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04250-5

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